Class X: Verbal Roots and Imperfect © Dr. Esa Autero GRE 4220 Beginning Greek I Class X: Verbal Roots and Imperfect © Dr. Esa Autero

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 1.1 Verbal Roots and Tense Stems Root and Stem: Root = its most basic form λύω < *λυ -- I loose βάλλω < *βαλ -- I throw Stem = basic form of the verb in particular tense Present stem: βαλλ > βαλλω Future stem: βαλ > βαλῶ

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Relationship of verbal root and present tense stem Pattern 1 verbs – verbal root = present tense stem (uncommon) Pattern 2-4 verbs – verbal root is modified when forming pr. tense stem “Root is the basic form of the verb. Stem is the basic form of a verb in a certain tense” Verbal Root Present Stem Future Stem Aorist Stem

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 1 – Root not modified: λύσω ποιήσω βλεπ + σω > βλέψω Pattern 2 – Different forms [irregular] *ὁρα > ὁράω - I see *ὀπ > ὄψομαι - I will see *ἐρχ > ἔρχομαι - I come *ἐλευθ > ἐλεύσομαι - I will come *λεγ > λέγω - I say *ἐρ > ἐρῶ - I will say

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 3 – Liquid Futures (λ, μ, ν, ρ) Mostly formed regularly except: Slightly different tense formative [-εσ, not -σ as usual in Future] Present and future stem slightly different Future active indicative (liquids): Fut. Act. Stem + tense format. + con vowel + personal endings μεν + εσ + ο + μεν > μενοῦμεν

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Paradigm of Future Active indicative: Liquid verb Translation Sg. 1 μενῶ I will remain Sg. 2 μενεῖς you will remain Sg. 3 μενεῖ He/she/it will remain Pl. 1 μενοῦμεν We will remain Pl. 2 μενεῖτε You will remain Pl. 3 μενοῦσι(ν) They will remain

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Future middle indicative (liquid): Fut. Act. Stem + tense format. + con. vow + pas. pers. ending μεν + εσ + ο +μεθα > μενοῦμεθα Liquid verb Translation Sg. 1 μενοῦμαι I will remain Sg. 2 μενῇ you will remain Sg. 3 μενεῖται He/she/it will remain Pl. 1 μενούμεθα We will remain Pl. 2 μενεῖσθε You will remain Pl. 3 μενοῦνται They will remain

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect To distinguish between liquid and contract verbs: Memorize lexical forms Note final stem consonants Pay attention to accents – liquid future has circumflex over contracted vowels (except pl. 1 in middle) No contraction on the present tense Stem change

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Stem change in liquids: Present and future stems often different – just a bit Addition of double consonant: ἀποστέλλω > ἀποστελῶ βάλλω > βαλῶ Addition of iota: αἴρω > ἀρῶ ἐγείρω > ἐγερῶ Different roots: λέγω > ἐρω

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 4 – Root Modified Regularly: Memorize patterns or all tense forms? (a) Roots in a stop -ιζω/αζω - verbs βαπτίζω -- *βαπτιδ + σω > βαπτίσω -ασσω verbs ταράσσω -- *ταραχ + σω > ταράξω (I will trouble)

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect (b) Double Consonants ἐκβάλλω -- *εκβαλ > ἐκβαλῶ (c) Letters added and ablaut Iota added *αρ+ι > αἴρω (pr.) *αρ > ἀρῶ (fut.) (ι)σκ *ἀποθαν > ἀποθνῃσκω (pr.)*ἀποθαν > ἀποθανοῦμαι (fut.) *γνω + σκ > γινώσκω (pr.) *γνω > γνῶσομαι (fut.)

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Practice & Exercises: Workbook p. 75 Parsing Warm-up

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.1 Imperfect – English usage Engl. - one simple past tense – but two aspects Completed Continuous I was studying [continuous] I studied [completed]

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.2 Imperfect – Greek usage Gk. – two past tenses: Imperfect Continuous action of the past Aorist Undefined action of the past Past time in Greek indicated by “augment” A prefix that is similar to “-ed” in English (cf. want-ed)  λύω -- ἔλυον

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Primary and secondary endings: Primary tenses – do not use augment Secondary tenses – do use the augment Four sets of personal endings of the Greek verb Other tenses draw from these or their variation Four sets of personal endings Primary active (pr. act.) Secondary active (impf. act.) Primary passive (pr. pas.) Secondary passive (impf. as.)

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.3 Imperfect Active Indicative Augment + present tense stem + connecting vowel + secondary active personal ending ἐ + λυ + ο + ν > ἔλυον Augment pr. stem con. vow. act. personal ending

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Impf.act.ind. Form Translation Sg. 1 ἔλυον I was loosing Sg. 2 ἔλυες You were loosing Sg. 3 ἔλυε(ν) S/he/it was loosing Pl. 1 ἐλύομεν We were loosing Pl. 2 ἐλύετε Pl. 3 They were loosing

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.4 Imperfect Middle/Passive Augment + present tense stem + connecting vowel + secondary passive personal ending ἐ + λυ + ο + μην > ἐλυόμην Augment+pr. stem+ con.vow +pas. personal ending

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Impf.mid/pas. Form Translation Sg. 1 ἐλυόμην I was being loosed Sg. 2 ἐλύου You were being loosed Sg. 3 ἐλύετο S/he/it was being loosed Pl.1 ἐλυόμεθα We were being loosed Pl. 2 ἐλύεσθε Pl. 3 ἐλύοντο They were being loosed

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.5 Characteristics of Imperfect Verbs Augment Indicates past time Ways to augment a verb: 1.) Verb begins with a consonant – epsilon [ἐ-] λύω  ἔλυον 2.) Verb begins with a single vowel – vowel lengthens ἀγαπάω  ἠγάπων Standard patterns of vowel contractions apply (see p. 186)

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 3.) Verb begins with a diphthong - variation εὐχαριστέω  ηὐχαρίστουν [1st letter of diphthong] εὑρίσκω  εὕρισκον [ευ- verbs generally do not change] Augment < Original Augment < Original ῃ < αι ηυ < αυ ῃ < ει ηυ < ευ ῳ < οι

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Compound Verbs Compound verb = preposition + verb Generally augment is placed b/w prep. and the verb καταβάινω  κατέβαινον περιπατέω  περιεπάτουν [exception with περί-] ἐκβάλλω  ἐξέβαλλον [exception with ἐκ-]

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Contract verbs ἀγαπάω ποιέω πληρόω Sg. 1 ἠγάπων ἐποίουν ἐπλήρουν Sg. 2 ἠγάπας ἐποίεις ἐπλήρους Sg. 3 ἠγάπα ἐποίει ἐπλήρου Pl. 1 ἠγαπῶμεν ἐποιοῦμεν ἐπληροῦμεν Pl. 2 ἠγαπᾶτε ἐποιεῖτε ἐπληροῦτε Pl. 3 Middle Passive Sg. 1 ἠγαπώμην ἐποιοῦμην ἐπληρούμην Sg. 2 ἠγαπῶ ἐποιοῦ ἐπληροῦ Sg. 3 ἠγαπᾶτο ἐποιεῖτο ἐπληροῦτο Pl. 1 ἠγαπῶμεθα ἐποιούμεθα ἐπληρούμεθα Pl. 2 ἠγαπᾶσθε ἐποιεῖσθε ἐπληροῦσθε Pl. 3 ἠγαπῶντα ἐποιοῦντο ἐπλήροῦντο

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Imperfect of ἐιμί Form Translation Sg.1 ἤμην I was Sg. 2 ἦς You were Sg. 3 ἦν S/he/it was Pl. 1 ἦμεν / ἤμεθα We were Pl. 2 ἦτε Pl. 3 ἦσαν They were

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Practice & Exercises: Workbook p. 83 Parsing Warm-up Homework: p. 77, no: 8-10 P. 84-84, no: 6, 8-10