Class IX: Present Middle/Passive Ind. and Future Active/Middle Ind. GRE 4220 Beginning Greek I Class IX: Present Middle/Passive Ind. and Future Active/Middle Ind. © Dr. Esa Autero

Present Middle and Passive Indicative 1.1 Introduction to Voice There are two voices in English Active – subject performs the action Peter sees the messenger Passive – subject is being acted upon The messenger is being seen by Peter

Present Middle and Passive Indicative 1.2 Voice in Greek Greek has three voices Active Passive Middle Active - subject performs the action ὁ Πέτρος βλέπει τὸν ἄγγελον [The] Peter sees the angel/messenger

Present Middle and Passive Indicative Passive – subject is being acted upon by an agent ἄγγελος βλέπεται ὑπὸ τοῦ Πετροῦ Angel is being seen by [the] Peter Middle – subject participates in the action ὁ ἄγγελος βλέπεται The angel sees himself

Present Middle and Passive Indicative Greek passive and middle voice (pr. ind.) Same form (look identical) Use context to determine translation To form middle and passive forms: Present stem+ connecting vowel + Mid/Pass. ending λυ- ο- μαι = λύομαι I am loosing myself (Mid.) OR I am being loosed (Pass)

Present Middle and Passive Indicative Pr. Mid. Sing. Pl. λύομαι I am loosing myself λύομεθα We are loosing ourselves λύῃ [λυ+ε+σαι > λυεαι > λυηι > λύῃ] You are loosing yourself λύεσθε You are loosing yourselves λύεται He is loosing himself λύονται They are loosing themselves Infinitive λύεσθαι To be loosing oneself

Present Middle and Passive Indicative Pr. Pass. Sing. Pl. λύομαι I am being loosed λύομεθα We are being loosed λύῃ You are being loosed λύεσθε λύεται He is being loosed λύονται They are being loosed Infinitive λύεσθαι To be loosed Endings in Pr. Middle and Pr. Passive IDENTICAL

Present Middle and Passive Indicative 2.1 Function of the middle voice Several shades of meaning – the basic ones are: (a) Direct Middle The reflexive use – nearest to basic idea ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐγείρεται The man raises himself up

Present Middle and Passive Indicative The reciprocal use – a plural subject engages in an interchange of action οἱ ἄνθτρωποι διδάσκονται The men are teaching one another (b) Indirect Middle Subject is acting with reference to itself OR on behalf of itself λαμβάνεται δῶρα She is taking for herself gifts

Present Middle and Passive Indicative (c) Intensive Middle The stress is on the agent producing the action – use “-self” διδάσκεται τὴν ἀλήθειαν He himself is teaching the truth (Nobody else is teaching)

Present Middle and Passive Indicative (d) Deponent/Defective Middle Defective/deponent – middle in form but active in function ἔρχομαι ἐκ τῆς ἐκκλησίας I come from the church Deponent – always looks like pass/mid. Always active in meaning Recognition – check lexical form Always listed with mid/pass ending Parsing – “Middle” (or “deponent”)

Present Middle and Passive Indicative 2.2 Function of the Passive Voice Four distinct uses of passive in Greek (a) Direct Agent – most common usage in NT Preposition ὑπο with gen. case διδάσκεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγγέλου He is being taught by the angel

Present Middle and Passive Indicative (b) Intermediate agent Preposition δία with genitive case πάντα δι’ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο All things through him were made (John 1:3)  Christ is the intermediary agent; God the original agent

Present Middle and Passive Indicative (c) Impersonal agent Instrumental case with or without the preposition ἐν οἱ ἄντθρωποι σῳζονται ἐν τῶ λόγῳ τοῦ Μεσσίου The men are being saved by the word of the Messiah (d) No agent expressed ἐγείρεται He is being raised up

Present Middle and Passive Indicative 2.3 Present Mid/pass. Contract forms - άω - έω - όω Sg. 1 ἀγαπῶμαι ποιοῦμαι πληροῦμαι Sg. 2 ἀγαπᾷ ποιῇ πληροῖ Sg. 3 ἀγαπᾶται ποιεῖται πληροῦται Pl. 1 ἀγαπώμεθα ποιούμεθα πληρούμεθα Pl. 2 ἀγαπᾶσθε ποιεῖσθε πληροῦσθε Pl. 3 ἀγαπῶνται ποιοῦνται πληροῦνται

Present Middle and Passive Indicative 3.1 The Cases for Object of Verbs Regular case for direct object is accusative Some Greek verbs take objects in genitive or dative dat. ἀποκρίνομαι τοῖς τέκνοις – I am answering the children ἐπιστεύσεν δὲ Αβραὰμ τῶ θεῶ – Abraham believed God inf. ἄρχομαι βλέπειν – I am beginning to see gen. ἀκούω τοῦ λόγου – I am hearing the word

Present Middle and Passive Indicative Practice: p. 67 Warm-up Parsing

Future Active/Middle Indicative Introduction – Future tense in English To form a future tense in English: “shall” or “will” to the present verb “shall” is rarely used today [for 1st person] I eat I will eat

Future Active and Middle Indicative 4.1 Future Forms – Active and Middle Forming future tense Future active and middle are built on present stem Future passive is built on different stem Future tense – strongest time emphasis of Greek tenses Basic idea (Pattern 1) Active: λυ (present stem)-σ (tense formative) –ω (active ending) = λυ-σ-ω  λύσω (I will loose)

Future Active Indicative Singular Plural λύσω I will loose λύσομεν We will loose λύσεις You will loose λύσετε λύσει (s)he/it will loose λύσουσι(ν) They will loose Infinitive λύσειν To loose

Future Active/Middle Indicative 4.2 Contract Verbs and minor irregularities The contract vowel lengthens before tense formative ἀγαπα + σ + ω > ἀγαπήσω ποιε +σ + ω > ποιήσω πληρο + σ + ω > πληρώσω

Future Active/Middle Indicative Other exceptions follow a familiar pattern: βλεπ + σω > βλέψω Labial: πσ, βσ, φσ > ψ γραφ + σω > γράψω διωκ +σω > διώξω Velar: κσ, γσ, χσ > ξ αγ+σω > ἄξω βαπτιδ + σω > βαπτίσω Dental: τσ, δσ, θσ > σ πειθ +σω > πείσω

Future Active/Middle Indicative 5.1 Future Middle Indicative Middle voice is different from active and passive in the future (cf. present)  Future middle: future active stem but mid/pass. endings Future Middle: λυ (present stem)-σ (tense formative)-ομαι (Middle ending) = λυ-σ-ομαι  λύσομαι (I will loose myself)

Future Middle Indicative Singular Plural λύσομαι I will loose myself λυσόμεθα We will loose ourselves λύσῃ you will loose yourself λύσεσθε You will loose yourselves λύσεται He/she/it will loose himself λύσονται They will loose themselves

Future active and Middle Indicative 5.2 Future Indicative of εἰμί εἰμί has no middle or passive function in future tense Singular Plural ἔσομαι I will be ἐσόμεθα We will be ἔσῃ You will be ἔσεσθε ἔσται (s)he/it will be ἔσονται They will be

Future active and Middle Indicative 5.3 Overview of Greek Tenses Five tenses (and seven forms) of Koine Greek Lexicon listing – sg.1 in the 5-7 basic tenses/forms of the verb λύω [pr.] – I loose; λύσω [fut.act.], ἔλυσα [aor.act.], λέλυκα [pf.act.], λέλυμαι [pf.mid/pass.], ἐλύθην [aor.pass.] Greek Tense/voice Translation ἀγαπάω Present I love ἠγάπων Imperfect I was loving ἀγαπήσω Future active I will love ἠγάπησα Aorist active I loved ἠγάπηκα Perfect active I have loved ἠγάπημαι Perfect passive I have been loved ἠγαπήθην Aorist passive I was loved

Future Active/Middle Indicative Practice: p. 71 Warm-up and parsing Homework: p. 69, no: 7-9 p. 73, no: 7-10 Quiz – chs. 18-19