LAN 402 Beginning Greek II Class VI: Adjectival Participles; Perfect Participle and Genitive Absolute

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute 1.1 Adjectival Participle 1.1.1 English Participles can do what adjectives do Modify nouns & used substantivally The man eating by the window is my Greek teacher The living have hope Greek adjectival participle works in similar manner

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute Greek Adjectival Participle – basics Attributive or substantive use [not predicate] key words “while”, “after”, “because” not used Review of Greek Adjective See next slide (details on Class III or ch. 9 [p. 64ff.])

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute 1.1.2 Summary of Adjectives Adjective Gk. construction Translations Attributive position ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος OR ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθὸς The good word [Predicate position ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός OR ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος The word (is) good] Substantive position ἡ ἀγαθή OR ὁ ἀγαθός The good (woman) The good (man)

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute 1.1.3 Adjectival Participle in Greek Attributive participle Modifies a noun/pronoun Agree w/ the word in case, number, gender Translate “-ing” or relative clause e.g. “one who is…” ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ λέγων τῷ ὀχλῷ ἐστὶν ὁ διδάσκαλος μου. The man speaking to the crowd is my teacher Substantival participle Functions as a noun Translate idiomatically – often w/ relative clause ὁ τῷ ὀχλῷ λέγων ἐστὶν ὁ διδάσκαλος μου The one who is speaking to the crowd is my teacher

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς Pray for those persecuting you The case: determined by the function in the sentence Number/gender: what/who part. is representing 1.1.4 Additional Considerations in Translation Idiomatic translation Use common sense Use context as a guide If participle is singular use “one”, “he/she”, “that” If participle plural use “they”, “those”

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute Some examples: τῷ θέλοντι σοι κριθῆναι καὶ τὸν χιτῶνα σου λαβεῖν, ἄφες αὐτῷ καὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον To the one wishing to sue you to take your tunic, let him have your cloak as well (Matt 5:40) μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται Blessed are they who mourn, for they will be comforted See more examples on p. 271 NOTE: the significance of aspect lessened in attributive participle and even more so in substantival participle

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute 1.1.5 Adjectival or Adverbial Participle? 1. What word is the participle modifying, if any? 2. Adverbial [anarthrous] Adjectival [articular] 3. Attributive Substantive 4. Modifying Modifying Functioning [while, after] [who, which] [the one who] 5. Aspect (present: continuous) (aorist: undefined) 6. Voice (active, middle, passive) 7. Meaning (definition of the word)

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute 1.2 Advanced Info – Translating aspect and time Relative time significance of attributive & adjective pt. Attributive participle and relative clause: ὁ ἄντρωπος ὁ λέγων τῷ οχλῷ ἐστὶν ὁ διδάσκαλός μου. The man who is speaking to the crowd is my teacher ὁ ἄντρωπος ὁ εἰπὼν τῷ οχλῷ ἐστὶν ὁ διδάσκαλός μου. The man who spoke to the crowd is my teacher ὁ ἄντρωπος ὁ λέγων τῷ οχλῷ ἦν ὁ διδάσκαλός μου. The man who was speaking to the crowd was my teacher ὁ ἄντρωπος ὁ εἰπὼν τῷ οχλῷ ἦν ὁ διδάσκαλός μου. The man who had spoken to the crowd was my teacher

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute Practice: Parsing and warn-up on p. 115 Homework: See slide no:18

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute 2.1 Perfect Participle Greek – formed of pf. stem (act or mid./pass.) Completed action w/ present consequences Translation – “after having…” + past pf. of the verb E.g. “after having eaten…” Retained reduplication when applicable Very few 2nd perfect participle (see list on p. 284)

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute Formation & paradigm of perfect participle (act.) Reduplication+ pf. stem+ tense formative (κ)+ pt. morpheme (οτ)+ case endings λε+ λυ+ κ+ οτ+ ες  λελυκότες Masc. (3) Fem (1) Neut. (3) Nom. Sg. λελυκώς λελυκυῖα λελυκός Gen. sg. λελυκότος λελυκυίας Dat. Sg. λελυκότι λελυκυίᾳ Acc. Sg. λελυκότα λελυκυῖαν Nom. Pl. λελυκότες λελυκυῖαι Gen. pl. λελυκότων λελυκυιῶν Dat. Pl. λελυκόσι(ν) λελυκυίαις Acc. Pl. λελυκότας

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute Formation and paradigm of pf. participle (mid/pas) Reduplication+ pf. stem+ pt. morpheme (μεν)+ case endings λε+ λυ+ μενο+ ι  λελυμένοι Masc. (3) Fem (1) Neut. (3) Nom. Sg. λελυμένος λελυμένη λελυμένον Gen. sg. λελυμένου λελυμένης Dat. Sg. λελυμένῳ λελυμένῃ Acc. Sg. λελυμένην Nom. Pl. λελυμένοι λελυμέναι λελυμένα Gen. pl. λελυμένων Dat. Pl. λελυμένοις λελυμέναις Acc. Pl. λελυμένους λελυμένας

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute Grammatical construction that is “isolated” from the rest of the sentence [cf. English nom. absolute] Noun/pronoun and a participle in genitive are not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence καὶ εὐθὺς ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος παραγίνεται Ἰούδας And immediately, while he is still speaking, Judas comes ἐγένετο δὲ τοῦ δαιμονίου ἐξελθόντος ἐλάλησεν ὁ κωφός And it happened that, after the demon had gone out, the mute man spoke

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute Further considerations and tips of genitive absolute Participle is always anarthrous [no article] αὐτοῦ often functions as the “subject” of the sentence Translation is idiomatic Starting points for translation “while” and “after” or finite verb ταῦτα αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος αὐτοῖς, ἰδοὺ ἄρχων εἷς ἔλθὼν προσκύνει αὐτῷ. While he was saying these things to them, behold, a ruler came in and knelt before him τοῦτο δὲ αὐτοῦ εἰπόντος ἐγένετο στάσις τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδυκαίων And when he had said this, a dissension arose between the Pharisees and the Sadducees ἤδη δὲ αὐτοῦ καταβαίνοντος οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ ὑπήντησαν αὐτῷ As he was going down, his servants met him.

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute 2.3 Periphrastic Construction (εἰμί + participle) Greek does not use “helping” verbs (cf. English) normally in pl. 3 [sometimes sg.3], perfect middle/passive Translate it as regular formation of the tense Periphrastic tense construction [εἰσίν/ἐστίν] Present Present of εἰμί + present participle Imperfect Imperfect of εἰμί +present participle Future Future of εἰμί + present participle Perfect Present of εἰμί +perfect participle Pluperfect Imperfect of εἰμί +perfect participle Future perfect Future of εἰμί +perfect participle

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute 2.4 Some Alternate Translations In addition to “while”, “because”, “after”… Instrumental participle – “by” κοπιῶμεν ἐργαζόμενοι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσίν We toil by working with our [own] hands Consessive participle – “though” ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντες οὐ βλέπετε Even though you have eyes, you do not see. Participle translated as regular finite verb ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν, γέγραπται οὐκ ἐπ’ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος But he answered and said, it is written, man will not live on break alone

Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute Practice: Parsing and warm-up on p. 119 Homework: No: p. 117 no: 7, 9; p. 121, no: 9-10