C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) The Perfect System (from Chapters 31-33)

Slides:

Advertisements

Παρόμοιες παρουσιάσεις

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek Unit 4: Conjunctions 2013 edition Wilfred E. Major

Advertisements

2013 edition Wilfred E. Major

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek

Chapter 2: Personal pronouns Verb to be Stephania Savva

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek as taught at Louisiana State University Spring 2013 Albert Watanabe Unit 17: Participles.

AΩ Summer Greek 2003 Croy Lesson 13. Greek Verbs Who is acting Kind (and with Indic, Time) of action Manner in which action is regarded by subject Relation.

Fall Greek 2003 Croy Lesson 15.

Summer Greek 2003 Croy Lesson 14.

Greek Verbs. Present Tense The Present Tense is formed from the first principle part of any verb. κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα, κεκέλευκα, κεκέλευσμαι, ἐκελεύσθην.

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek

Mounce, Basics of Biblical Greek, chapter 25.

Imperfect Tense Mounce, chapter 21.

SCHOOL YEAR Ms Kefallinou. Language A: Language and Literature is directed towards developing and understanding the constructed nature of meanings.

Here are the verbs we have thus far covered: (ε)θέλω I want έχω I have ξέρω I know διαβάζω I read αγοράζω I shop πειράζω I bother μοιάζω I resemble παίζω.

NT Greek Grammar (Macnair Ch. 1-4)

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 5.

Ancient Greek for Everyone: Unit 3: Greek Nouns supplement: Tips on Translating Greek into English GREK 1001 Fall 2013 M-Th 9:30-10:20 Coates 236 Wilfred.

2013 edition Wilfred E. Major

Some information about our place. Greece is a small country on the south of Europe. The peninsula, where Greece is located, is called Balkan.

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek Unit 2 part 2: Six Common Greek Verbs 2013 edition Wilfred E. Major

2013 edition Wilfred E. Major

Estoy agradecido a Wermuth’s Greekbook por esta presentación de los verbos indicativos.

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 4.

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 13.

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek Unit 7 part 3: consonant verb stems 2013 edition Wilfred E. Major

2013 edition Wilfred E. Major

Lesson 14: Around the city JSIS E 111: Elementary Modern Greek Sample of modern Greek alphabet, M. Adiputra,

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek as taught at Louisiana State University Fall 2013 Richard Warga Unit 18: Vocative.

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek

Verbs The usual three person (1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd ) exist in Greek as in English in singular and plural. verbs change their morphology (mostly their endings)

Unit 18 – Indirect Question. Direct Question: Unit 18 – Indirect Question Direct Question: He asks, “What are they doing?”

Unit 11 - Prohibitions. Prohibitions are negative commands.

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 7.

“ Ἡ ἀ γάπη ἀ νυπόκριτος. ἀ ποστυγο ῦ ντες τ ὸ πονηρόν, κολλώμενοι τ ῷ ἀ γαθ ῷ, τ ῇ φιλαδελφί ᾳ ε ἰ ς ἀ λλήλους φιλόστοργοι, τ ῇ τιμ ῇ ἀ λλήλους προηγούμενοι.

Class II – 1st Aorist Act/Mid Indicative

Class IV – Third Declension nouns

AΩ Summer Greek 2003 Croy Lesson 15 Fall Greek

Passive Voice. English two voices: active and passive. In the ACTIVE VOICE the subject is the performer of the main action. In the PASSIVE VOICE the subject.

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek Unit 3 part 2: Feminine Nouns 2015 edition Wilfred E. Major

Week 11 Quiz Sentence #2. The sentence. λαλο ῦ μεν ε ἰ δότες ὅ τι ὁ ἐ γείρας τ ὸ ν κύριον Ἰ ησο ῦ ν κα ὶ ἡ μ ᾶ ς σ ὺ ν Ἰ ησο ῦ ἐ γερε ῖ κα ὶ παραστήσει.

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 6.

Unit 11. Imperatives Another verbal mood in Greek is the Imperative mood. Another verbal mood in Greek is the Imperative mood. Imperative mood expresses.

Chapter 1(a) What I expect you to know…. Vocabulary Verbs: ̉έστι(ν), λέϒει, οι̉κει̂, πονει̂, ϕιλει̂, χαίρει Nouns: ο͑ α̉ργός, ο͑ ά̉νθρωπος, ο͑ αυ̉τουργός,

Prepositions and Review

Present Middle-Passive Indicative

Contract Verbs Introduction to Greek By Stephen Curto

Class X: Athematic verbs II

Class XI: 2nd Aorist Act/Mid Ind.

Adjectives Introduction to Greek By Stephen Curto For Intro to Greek

Third Declension Nouns

Future Active, Future Middle, and the Imperfect Indicative

2013 edition Wilfred E. Major

Find: φ σ3 = 400 [lb/ft2] CD test Δσ = 1,000 [lb/ft2] Sand 34˚ 36˚ 38˚

aka Mathematical Models and Applications

Personal Pronouns Introduction to Greek By Stephen Curto

Class V: Personal Pronouns and 3rd Decl. Cont. (chs )

Class IV – Third Declension nouns © Dr. Esa Autero

Class XI: 2nd Aorist Act/Mid Ind. © Dr. Esa Autero

Class X: Verbal Roots and Imperfect © Dr. Esa Autero

Class IV Aorist Adverbial Participle © Dr. Esa Autero

Class II – Aorist and Future Passive & Perfect © Dr. Esa Autero

Personal Pronouns.

Class X: Athematic verbs II © Dr. Esa Autero

Future Active/Middle Indicative

Nominative & Accusative Definite Article

Present Active Indicative

Entry 27 – Starter Copy and simplify

Verbs (Indicative).

Μεταγράφημα παρουσίασης:

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) The Perfect System (from Chapters 31-33)

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 1.The perfect system 2.The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) 3.The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5 th principal part) 4.The dative of personal agent 5.The perfect infinitive (4 th and 5 th principal parts) 6.Result (consecutive) clauses

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 parse/parsing 1 st, 2 nd or 3 RD PERSON SINGULAR or PLURAL PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE, AORIST, PERFECT or PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, INFINITIVE, IMPERATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, OPTATIVE, PARTICIPLE ACTIVE, MIDDLE, PASSIVE

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect system The perfect tense refers to a completed action which results in the current situation. Recall that the aorist tense refers to a single past action. Recall that the imperfect tense refers to ongoing or repeated past action.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect system Imperfect (incomplete past) –I was climbing the tree. Aorist (single action) –I climbed the tree. Perfect (completed action) –I have climbed the tree.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect system The present, imperfect, and aorist tenses together make up about 90% of the verb forms in most ancient Greek texts. The present, future, imperfect, aorist and perfect tenses together make up over 99% of the verb forms in most ancient Greek texts.

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 1.The perfect system 2.The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) 3.The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5 th principal part) 4.The dative of personal agent 5.The perfect infinitive (4 th and 5 th principal parts) 6.Result (consecutive) clauses

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) The perfect adds a reduplication to the beginning of the stem. –For a stem beginning with a consonant, this reduplication means the consonant doubles, separated by an -ε- λυ-  λελυ- γραφ-  γεγραφ-

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) The perfect adds a reduplication to the beginning of the stem. Most verbs also add the tense marker -κ- to the end of the stem. λυ-  λελυκ-

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 singular -α (I) -ας (you) -ε(ν) (s/he, it) plural -αμεν (we) -ατε (you, y’all) -ασι(ν) (they) the endings for the perfect (like the weak [1 st ] aorist endings, except in the 3 rd plural)

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 singular λέλυκα λέλυκας λέλυκε plural λελύκαμεν λελύκατε λελύκασι perfect tense stem = λελυκ Note the addition of both the reduplication and the κ to the stem.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) The perfect tense refers to a completed action which results in the current situation. The pluperfect tense refers to a completed action which resulted in a specific situation in the past.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) Imperfect (incomplete past) –I was climbing the tree. Aorist (single action) –I climbed the tree. Perfect (completed action) –I have climbed the tree. Pluperfect (completed action in the past) –I had climbed the tree.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) The pluperfect is the secondary version of the perfect indicative, so it adds an augment (like the imperfect and aorist). Like the perfect tense, it adds both a reduplication to the beginning of the stem and the tense marker -κ- to the end of the stem. λυ-  ἐλελυκ-

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 singular ἐλελύκην ἐλελύκης ἐλελύκει(ν) plural ἐλελύκεμεν ἐλελύκετε ἐλελύκεσαν pluperfect tense stem = ἐλελυκ Note the addition of the augment, reduplication and κ to the stem.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) Watch out for the pluperfect in the readings, but it is a very rare tense and you are not responsible for it in this class.

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Looking up a Greek verb The 1 st sg present indicative active is the first principal part of a verb –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Looking up a Greek verb The 1 st sg future indicative active is the second principal part of a verb –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Looking up a Greek verb The 1 st sg aorist indicative active is the third principal part of a verb –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Looking up a Greek verb The 1 st sg perfect indicative active is the fourth principal part of a verb –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 1.The perfect system 2.The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) 3.The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5 th principal part) 4.The dative of personal agent 5.The perfect infinitive (4 th and 5 th principal parts) 6.Result (consecutive) clauses

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5 th principal part) The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive use the same stem as the active, except without the -κ- marker. For reference, this stem is shown in the 5 th principal part.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5 th principal part) The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative use the standard endings: –primary endings -μαι -σαι -ται -μεθα -σθε -νται for the present, future, and perfect tenses. –secondary endings -μην -σο -το -μεθα -σθε -ντο for the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect tenses.

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 ACTIVE singular λέλυκα λέλυκας λέλυκε plural λελύκαμεν λελύκατε λελύκασι MIDDLE/PASSIVE singular λέλυμαι λέλυσαι λέλυται plural λελύμεθα λέλυσθε λέλυνται perfect tense stem = λελυ (+ κ in active)

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 ACTIVE singular ἐλελύκην ἐλελύκης ἐλελύκει plural ἐλελύκεμεν ἐλελύκετε ἐλελύκεσαν MIDDLE/PASSIVE singular ἐλελύμην ἐλέλυσο ἐλέλυτο plural ἐλελύμεθα ἐλέλυσθε ἐλέλυντο pluperfect tense stem = ἐλελυ (+ κ in active)

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 1.The perfect system 2.The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) 3.The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5 th principal part) 4.The dative of personal agent 5.The perfect infinitive (4 th and 5 th principal parts) 6.Result (consecutive) clauses

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Genitive of agent When a sentence is passive, the agent of the action normally goes in the genitive following ὑπό : –ὁ Περικλῆς διώκει τοὺς Πέρσας. “Pericles pursues the Persians.” (active) –οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ὑπὸ τοῦ Περικλέους. “The Persians are pursued by Pericles.” (passive)

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Genitive of agent An instrument is expressed by the dative, whether the verb is active or passive: –ὁ Περικλῆς διώκει ἁμάξῃ τοὺς Πέρσας. “Pericles pursues the Persians in a chariot.” –οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ἁμάξῃ ὑπὸ τοῦ Περικλέους. “The Persians are pursued by Pericles in a chariot.” –οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ἁμάξαις. “The Persians are pursued by chariots.”

Shelmerdine Chapter The dative of personal agent When the verb is perfect and passive, however, the personal agent is usually in the dative: –ὁ Περικλῆς λέλυκε τοὺς ἵππους. “Pericles has set the horses free.” –οἱ ἵπποι λέλυνται τῷ Περικλεῖ. “The horses have been set free by Pericles.”

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 1.The perfect system 2.The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part) 3.The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5 th principal part) 4.The dative of personal agent 5.The perfect infinitive (4 th and 5 th principal parts) 6.Result (consecutive) clauses

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect infinitive (4 th and 5 th principal parts) perfect infinitives –endings: – έναι (active) – σθαι (middle) –  λελυκέναι (active) λελύσθαι (middle) The accent for these infinitives is fixed on the penult.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect infinitive (4 th and 5 th principal parts) The perfect infinitive is used only to emphasize the completeness of some action: –οὐκ ἐθέλω λύειν τὴν πόλιν· ἀλλ’ ἐθέλω καταλελύσθαι. –I don’t want to set the city free: I want it completely destroyed!”

Shelmerdine Chapter 32 1.The 2 nd (strong) perfect active 2.Reduplication 3.The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs 4.The perfect active participle 5.The perfect middle/passive participle 6.Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

Shelmerdine Chapter The 2 nd (strong) perfect active The term 2 nd (strong) perfect refers to verb which does not add the tense marker -κ- to form its perfect stem. This happens almost always because adding -κ to the verb stem would make it difficult or unpleasant to pronounce.

Shelmerdine Chapter 32 Looking up a Greek verb The 1 st sg perfect indicative active is the fourth principal part of a verb –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send

Shelmerdine Chapter 32 1.The 2 nd (strong) perfect active 2.Reduplication 3.The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs 4.The perfect active participle 5.The perfect middle/passive participle 6.Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

Shelmerdine Chapter Reduplication The reduplication necessary to form the perfect stem might also be modified for pronunciation purposes. –For a stem beginning with an aspirated consonant, reduplication means only the stop consonant doubles, not the aspiration: θυ-  τεθυ-

Shelmerdine Chapter Reduplication The reduplication necessary to form the perfect stem might also be modified for pronunciation purposes. –For a stem beginning with a sigma, reduplication usually means adding the - ἐ- but not doubling the σ : στρατεύ-  σεστρατευκ-  ἐστρατευκ- ἵστημι (στη-)  ἑστηκ-

Shelmerdine Chapter Reduplication The reduplication necessary to form the perfect stem might also be modified for pronunciation purposes. –For a stem beginning with a vowel, reduplication means effectively lengthening the vowel: ἀ-, ἐ-  ἠ- ὀ-  ὠ- ἰ-  ἰ- ὐ-  ὐ-

Shelmerdine Chapter 32 1.The 2 nd (strong) perfect active 2.Reduplication 3.The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs 4.The perfect active participle 5.The perfect middle/passive participle 6.Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs Also for purposes of pronunciation, if the stem of the verb ends in a consonant, some assimilation takes place with the consonant of the ending. Recall the basic relationship of the consonants (Shelmerdine page 2).

Shelmerdine Chapter 32 LabialDentalPalatal unvoiced stop πτκ voiced βδγ aspirated φθχ + σψσξ nasal μνγκ, γγ, γχ, γξ

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs Middle verb endings start with one of five consonant sounds: –μ (μαι, μην, μεθα, μένος –η –ον) –σ (σαι, σο) –τ (ται, το) –σθ (σθε, σθαι) –ντ (νται, ντο)

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs Labials and palatals assimilate to the voice and aspiration of the adjacent consonant. Dentals become σ throughout.

Shelmerdine Chapter 32 Labial ( π, β, φ ) Dental ( τ, δ, θ ) Palatal ( κ, γ, χ ) + τπτπτστστκτκτ + μμσμσμγμγμ + σθφθφθσθσθχθχθ + σψσξ + ντ---

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs The third person plural endings ( νται, ντο ) yield clusters too complicated to be pronounced smoothly (e.g., μντ, σντ, γντ ), especially for a construction used only rarely.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs Consequently, Greek substitutes a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect passive participle + 3 rd person plural form of εἰμί. –For γράφω, for example, instead of *γέγραμνται, we find γεγραμμένοι εἰσι, literally “having been written, they are”  “they have been written.”

Shelmerdine Chapter 32 1.The 2 nd (strong) perfect active 2.Reduplication 3.The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs 4.The perfect active participle 5.The perfect middle/passive participle 6.Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect active participle To form the perfect active participle, to the perfect active stem, add -ώς –υῖα –ός (nominative singular endings) -ν- disappears in the masculine/neuter, -υι- replaces -ουσ- in the feminine, but otherwise identical to the present active.  λελυκώς λελυκυῖα λελυκός κτλ. (p. 244)

Shelmerdine Chapter 32 1.The 2 nd (strong) perfect active 2.Reduplication 3.The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs 4.The perfect active participle 5.The perfect middle/passive participle 6.Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect middle/passive participle All participles in the middle voice have the marker - μεν -. All participles in the middle voice use –ος –η –ον endings. Thus to form the perfect middle participle, to the perfect middle stem, add –μένος –μένη –μένον  λελυμένος λελυμένη λελυμένον

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1.The perfect subjunctive and optative 2.Numbers 3.Declension of numbers 4.The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς 5.Clauses of fearing 6.Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect subjunctive and optative The subjunctive exists in only two tenses, the present and aorist. Shelmerdine shows forms for the perfect subjunctive, but these are rare and of restricted use, so you may safely ignore them.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect subjunctive and optative Greek uses a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect participle + the present subjunctive of εἰμί. –γεγραφότες ὦσι, literally “having written, they are”  “they have been written.” –γεγραμμένοι ὦσι, literally “having been written, they are”  “they have been written.”

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect subjunctive and optative The optative exists in only two tenses, the present and aorist. Shelmerdine shows forms for the perfect optative, but these are rare and of restricted use, so you may safely ignore them.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect subjunctive and optative Greek uses a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect participle + the present optative of εἰμί. –γεγραφότες εἶεν, literally “having written, they are”  “they have been written.” –γεγραμμένοι εἶεν, literally “having been written, they are”  “they have been written.”

The Perfect System (Chapters 31-33) for next class (Thursday, April 14, 2011): Quiz: –Endings of the perfect active indicative + infinitive Verb overview and review

Quiz 38 singular -α (I) -ας (you) -ε(ν) (s/he, it) plural -αμεν (we) -ατε (you, y’all) -ασι(ν) (they) the endings for the perfect infinitive – έναι

Shelmerdine Chapter 31 for next class (Monday, April 25, 2011): Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 31 –omit: οὐκέτι Remainder of Chapters 31-33