Class VII: Subjunctive © Dr. Esa Autero GRE 4221 Beginning Greek II Class VII: Subjunctive © Dr. Esa Autero

Subjunctive 1.1 Subjunctive Mood English Indicative refers to factual statement Indicative is mood of reality The book is red I want to learn Arabic Subjunctive refers to possibility (or probability) Subjunctive is a mood of possibility I may learn Arabic If I had money I would travel to China

Subjunctive Subjunctive in Greek Only in present or aorist (also few perfects) Aspect is its the most important feature Aorist subjunctive  undefined Present  continuous No future subjunctive Aorist subjunctive does not have the augment

Subjunctive Present subjunctive Formation of subjunctive – lengthen connecting vowel Pr. stem+ lengthened con. vowel (ω/η)+ primary endings Active: λυ+ ω+ μεν  λύωμεν Middle/pass.: λυ+ ω+ μεθα  λυώμεθα

Subjunctive λύω λύῃς λύεις λύῃ λύει λύωμεν λύομεν λύητε λύετε λύωσι(ν) Paradigm of active present subjunctive Subjunctive Indicative Sg. 1 λύω Sg. 2 λύῃς λύεις Sg. 3 λύῃ λύει Pl. 1 λύωμεν λύομεν Pl. 2 λύητε λύετε Pl. 3 λύωσι(ν) λύουσι(ν)

Subjunctive λύωμαι λύομαι λύῃ λύηται λύεται λυώμεθα λυόμεθα λύησθε Paradigm of mid/pass. present subjunctive Subjunctive Indicative Sg. 1 λύωμαι λύομαι Sg. 2 λύῃ Sg. 3 λύηται λύεται Pl. 1 λυώμεθα λυόμεθα Pl. 2 λύησθε λύεσθε Pl. 3 λύωνται λύονται

Subjunctive 1st aorist: λυ+ σ+ ω+ μεν  λύσωμεν Aorist subjunctive aor. Stem [w/o augment]+ (tense formative)+ lengthened con. vowel (ω/η)+ primary endings 1st aorist: λυ+ σ+ ω+ μεν  λύσωμεν 2nd aorist: λαβ+ ω+ μεν  λάβωμεν

Subjunctive λύσω λάβω λύσῃς λάβῃς λύσῃ λάβῃ λυσώμεν λάβωμεν λύσητε Paradigm of active aorist subjunctive 1st aorist sub. 2nd aorist sub. Sg. 1 λύσω λάβω Sg. 2 λύσῃς λάβῃς Sg. 3 λύσῃ λάβῃ Pl. 1 λυσώμεν λάβωμεν Pl. 2 λύσητε λάβητε Pl. 3 λύσωσι(ν) λάβωσι(ν)

Subjunctive λύσωμαι γένωμαι λύσῃ γένῃ λύσηται γένηται λυσώμεθα Paradigm of middle aorist subjunctive 1st aorist sub. 2nd aorist sub. Sg. 1 λύσωμαι γένωμαι Sg. 2 λύσῃ γένῃ Sg. 3 λύσηται γένηται Pl. 1 λυσώμεθα γενώμεθα Pl. 2 λύσησθε γένησθε Pl. 3 λύσωνται γένωνται

Subjunctive λυθῶ γραφῶ λυθῇς γραφῇς λυθῇ γραφῇ λυθῶμεν γραφῶμεν λυθῆτε Paradigm of passive aorist subjunctive NOTE: see contract verb paradigm on p. 292 1st aorist sub. 2nd aorist sub. Sg. 1 λυθῶ γραφῶ Sg. 2 λυθῇς γραφῇς Sg. 3 λυθῇ γραφῇ Pl. 1 λυθῶμεν γραφῶμεν Pl. 2 λυθῆτε γραφῆτε Pl. 3 λυθῶσι(ν) γραφῶσι(ν)

Subjunctive 2.1 Use of subjunctive λύεις λύῃς λύοις λῦε Moods Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Greek example λύεις λύῃς λύοις λῦε Portrayal Certain / asserted Probable/ desirable Possible Intended Translation You are loosing/ you loose You might be loosing/ you should be loosing You may be loosing Loose!

Subjunctive Dependent clauses (a) ἵνα and the subjunctive – can indicate purpose τίς σοι ἔδωκεν τὴν ἐξουσίαν ταύτην ἵνα ταῦτα ποιῇς Who gave you this authority that you do these things? Phrase ἵνα μή is idiomatic – translate e.g. “lest” οἱ πατέρες, μὴ ἐρεθίζετε τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν, ἵνα μὴ ἀθυμῶσιν Fathers, do not provoke you children, lest they become discouraged

Subjunctive (b) ἐάν and the subjunctive – in conditional statements “if…then” sentence If I am smart, I will take Hebrew “if” clause  protasis “then” clause  apodosis If protasis (“if” clause) is true, apodosis (“then” clause) is most certainly true also ἐὰν ὁμολογῶμεν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν, πιστός ἐστιν καὶ δίκαιος, ἵνα ἀφῃ ἡμῖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας, καὶ καθαρίσῃ ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀδικίας. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

Subjunctive Third class conditional sentences Conditional sentences: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th (pp. 328-9) Protasis introduced by ἐάν and verb in subjunctive Verb in apodosis – any tense or mood #1 Future more probable – Specific future event A future condition – if something might happen, then something else will definitely happen ταῦτα σοι πάντα δώσω, ἐάν πεσὼν προσκυνήσῃς μοι All these I will give you, if you fall down and worship me

Subjunctive #2 Present general – General truth Identical to #1 except verb in apodosis must be present  It is stating a general (axiomatic) truth ἐάν τις περιπατῇ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρα, οὐ προσκόπτει If anyone walks in the day, he does not stumble  Apart from the verb’s tense in apodosis, context is the best guide to determine whether it is a specific statement or a general truth

Subjunctive Independent Clauses (a) Hortatory Subjunctive Subjunctive in sg.1/pl. 1 as exhortation “Let me/us” προσευχώμεθα Let us pray διέλθωμεν εἰς τὸ πέραν Let us go to the other side  Context will determine whether subjunctive is hortatory

Subjunctive (b) Deliberative subjunctive When a person asks a question and the answer is uncertain, the verb in question is in subjunctive. μὴ οὖν μεριμνήσετε λέγοντες, τί φάγωμεν ἤ τί πίωμεν ἤ τί περιβαλώμεθα Therefore, do not worry saying, what should we eat or what should we drink or what should we wear?

Subjunctive 2.2 Miscellaneous (a) Negation οὐ is used to negate a verb in indicative μή is used to negate everything else οὐ μή followed by aorist subjunctive indicates a strong negation of future situation

Subjunctive σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων (b) Asking Questions Three ways of asking a question 1.) no indication of expected given σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων Are you the king of the Jews? 2.) affirmative question expected  starts with οὐ Διδάσκαλε, οὐ μέλει σοι ὅτι ἀπολλύμεθα Teacher, do you not care that we are perishing? 3.) negative answer expected  starts with μή μὴ πάντες ἀπόστολοι Are all apostles?

Subjunctive Practice and exercises Homework: Parsing & warm-up, p. 127 p. 129, no: 7-9