Class II – Aorist and Future Passive & Perfect © Dr. Esa Autero

Class II – Aorist and Future Passive & Perfect © Dr. Esa Autero
GRE 4221 Beginning Greek II Class II – Aorist and Future Passive & Perfect © Dr. Esa Autero

Aorist & Future Pass and Perfect
1.1 Aorist Passive Past passive and future passive in English Past passive in English Was/were + past participle I was flunked by my Hebrew teacher Future passive in English “Will be” + past participle I will be flunked by my Hebrew teacher

First Aorist Passive Translated with helping verb “was/were” Aorist = undefined aspect τότε ἐπληρώθη τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἰερεμίου τοῦ προφήτου (Mt 2:17) Then was fulfilled what was spoken by the prophet Jeremiah ἐ λυ θη ν Aug.+ aor. pass. stem+ tense form. (θη) + second act. end.  ἐλύθην

Paradigm – 1st Aor. pass. ind. 1st aor pass tense generally same as present stem & root 1st aor pass. Translation Impf. Act. Sg. 1 ἐλύθην I was loosed ἔλυον Sg. 2 ἐλύθης You were loosed ἔλυες Sg. 3 ἐλύθη s/he was loosed ἔλυε Pl. 1 ἐλύθημεν We were loosed ἐλύομεν Pl. 2 ἐλύθητε ἐλύετε Pl. 3 ἐλύθησαν They were loosed

Lexical entry = 6th form Stems ending in stop Stops change when followed by theta as follows: πθ  φθ βλεπ + θη  ἐβλέφθην βθ  φθ ἐλημβ + θη  ἐλήμφθην κθ  χθ διωκ + θη  ἐδιώχθην γθ  χθ αγ + θη  ἤχθην τθ  σθ βαπτιδ + θη  ἐβαπτίσθην θθ  σθ πειθ + θη ἐπείσθην

2nd Aor passive indicative Aug.+ aor. pass. stem+ tense form. (η) + second act. end. ἐ γραφ η μεν  ἐγράφημεν NT has only 32 words in 2nd aorist passive γράφω has the same stem in 2nd aor and present ἔγραφον/-ομην (impf), ἔγραψα (aor. act), ἐγράφην (aor. pass)

2nd aor pass Translation 1st aor pass Sg. 1 ἐγράφην I was written ἐλύθην Sg. 2 ἐγράφης You were written ἐλύθης Sg. 3 ἐγράφη s/he was written ἐλύθη Pl. 1 ἐγράφημεν We were written ἐλύθημεν Pl. 2 ἐγράφητε ἐλύθητε Pl. 3 ἐγράφησαν They were written ἐλύθησαν

In 2nd aorist passive Stem same as in present OR Stem same as in aorist active OR Different from both  Memorize personal endings and tense formative

1.2 Future Passive 1st Future Passive: Future passive is formed from aorist passive tense stem No augment Middle/passive endings Aor pass stem+ tense form (θησ)+ conct. vowel+ prim m/p endings λυ θησ ο μαι  λυθήσομαι

1st fut pass Translation Fut mid Sg. 1 λυθήσομαι I’ll be loosed πορεύσομαι Sg. 2 λυθήσῃ You’ll be loosed πορεύσῃ Sg. 3 λυθήσεται s/he’ll be loosed πορεύσεται Pl. 1 λυθησόμεθα We’ll be loosed πορευσόμεθα Pl. 2 λυθήσεσθαι You will be loosed πορεύσεσθε Pl. 3 λυθήσονται They will be loosed πορεύσονται

2nd Future Passive: Aor pass stem + tense form (ησ) + con vowel + prim. m/d endings ἀποσταλ + ησ + ο + μαι  ἀποσταλήσομαι 2nd fur pas Translation Endings Sg. 1 ἀποσταλήσομαι I’ll be sent -μαι Sg. 2 ἀποσταλήσῃ You’ll be sent -σαι Sg. 3 ἀποσταλήσεται s/he’ll be sent -ται Pl. 1 ἀποσταλησόμεθα We’ll be sent -μεθα Pl. 2 ἀποσταλήσεσθε -σθε Pl. 3 ἀποσταλήσονται They’ll be sent -νται

Practice: pp. 95 Parsing Warm-up

2.1 Perfect indicative English – no exact counterpart Pf. = something that happened in the past Accurate up to now [“I have written”] Pr. pass. Action w/ current consequences [“It is written”] Meaning of Greek Perfect “action that was brought to completion and whose effects are felt in the present” E.g. “Jesus died” [aor.] “Jesus has died” [pf.] “It is written” [pf.] indicates present implication

Translation – use context to pick best translation E.g. “have/has” + past participle θυγάτηρ, ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκεν σε. ὕπαγε εἰς εἰρήνην (Mk 5:34) Daughter, your faith has saved you. Go in peace. English present tense when context implies that current implication are being emphasized μετανοῖετε. ἤγγικεν γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν (Mt 3:2) Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near

Paradigm: Perfect Active Indicative Reduplication + pf act stem + tense form (κα) + prim act endings λ + ε + λυ + κα + μεν  λελύκαμεν Pf. Act Translation Aor. Act. Sg. 1 λέλυκα I have loosed ἔλυσα Sg. 2 λέλυκας You have loosed ἔλυσας Sg. 3 λέλυκε(ν) s/he has loosed ἔλυσε(ν) Pl.1 λελύκαμεν We have loosed ἐλύσαμεν Pl. 2 λέλυκατε ἐλύσατε Pl. 3 λελύκασι(ν)/λέλυκαν They have loosed ἔλυσαν

Paradigm: Perfect middle/passive Indicative Reduplication + pf. Mid/pass stem + prim m/p endings λ + ε + λυ + μαι  λέλυμαι NOTE: no tense formative or connecting vowel! Pf mid/pass. Translation Pr. Mid/pass Sg .1 λέλυμαι I’ve been loosed λύομαι Sg. 2 λέλυσαι You’ve been loosed λύῃ Sg. 3 λέλυται s/he has been loosed λύεται Pl. 1 λελύμεθα We’ve been loosed λυόμεθα Pl. 2 λέλυσθε λύεσθε Pl. 3 λέλυνται They’ve been loosed λύονται

Basic rules for reduplication: 1) Consonantal reduplication If verb begins w/ single consonant  consonant reduplicated and epsilon placed in between consonants λύω  λελυ-  λέλυκα φ, χ, θ  π, κ, τ φανερόω  φεφανερο-  πεφανέρωκα χαρίζομαι χεχαριζ-  κεχάρισμαι θεραπεύω  θεθεραπευ-  τεθεράπευμαι

2) Vocalic reduplication If verb begins with a vowel/diphthong, vowel is lengthened [cf. augment in aor/impf] ἀγαπάω  ἠγάπηκα αἰτέω  ᾔτηκα εὑρίσκω  εὕρηκα [diphthong often does not reduplicate] (γινώσκω) – γνω  ἔγνωκα [two consonants - vocalic] 3) Compound verb Reduplicates the verbal part of the compound verb ἐκβάλλω  ἐκβέβληκα

Second perfect Identical to the first except tense formative is -α not -κα ἀκούω  ἀκήκοα γίνομαι  γέγονα λαμβάνω  εἴληφα γράφω  γέγραφα ἔχρχομαι  ἐλήλυθα  No second perfect middle/passive

Present Middle and Passive Indicative
2.2 Function of the middle voice Several shades of meaning – the basic ones are: (a) Direct Middle The reflexive use – nearest to basic idea ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐγείρεται The man raises himself up

The reciprocal use – a plural subject engages in an interchange of action οἱ ἄνθρωποι διδάσκονται The men are teaching one another (b) Indirect Middle Subject is acting with reference to itself OR on behalf of itself λαμβάνεται δῶρα She is taking for herself gifts

(c) Intensive Middle The stress is on the agent producing the action – use “self” διδάσκεται τὴν ἀλήθειαν He himself is teaching the truth (nobody else is teaching)

(d) Deponent/Defective Middle Defective/deponent – appear in the middle but active in function ἔρχομαι ἐκ τῆς ἐκκλησίας I come from the church Deponent – always looks like pass/mid. Always active in meaning Recognition – check lexical form Always listed with mid/pass ending Parsing – ‘deponent’ or ‘middle’

2.3 Advanced information Stems ending in stop – significant changes Other examples see p. 234 Labial πβφ Pers. End Sg. 1 -μαι γέγραμμαι Sg. 2 -σαι γέγραψαι Sg. 3 -ται γέγραπται Pl. 1 -μεθα γεγράμμεθα Pl. 2 -σθε γέγραφθε Pl. 3 -νται εἰσὶ γεγραμμένοι

2.4 Pluperfect 28 verbs in NT occurring 86 times total Meaning: action completed with effects felt at the time of the completion but before the time of the speaker Perfect tense stem with preceding reduplication augments Augment not always present Tense formative (κ) or none Connecting vowels ει and secondary endings

Active 1st pluperfect 2nd pluperfect Sg. 1 (ἐ)λελύκειν (ἐ)γεγράφειν Sg. 2 (ἐ)λελύκεις (ἐ)γεγράφεις Sg. 3 (ἐ)λελύκει(ν) (ἐ)γεγράφει(ν) Pl. 1 (ἐ)λελύκειμεν (ἐ)γεγράφειμεν Pl. 2 (ἐ)λελύκειτε (ἐ)γεγράφειτε Pl. 3 (ἐ)λελύκεισαν (ἐ)γεγράφεισαν Middle passive 1st pluperfect Sg. 1 (ἐ)λελύμην Sg. 2 (ἐ)λέλυσο Sg. 3 (ἐ)λέλυτο Pl. 1 (ἐ)λελύμεθα Pl. 2 (ἐ)λέλυσθε Pl. 3 (ἐ)λέλυντο

Practice and homework: Pp. 99 Parsing & warm-up Homework: P. 97, no: 8-10 P

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