Class VII: Relative Pronouns; Present Indicative Verbs GRE 4220 Beginning Greek I Class VII: Relative Pronouns; Present Indicative Verbs © Dr. Esa Autero

Relative Pronouns & Intro to Verbs 1.1Relative Pronouns in English Relative pronouns in English: “who”, “whom” -- refer to humans The teacher whom the students love, won the award. “which” – used to refer to neuter (objects) “that” – can refer to either human beings or objects The glass that broke --- I helped the boy that fell on a bike “whose” – usually refers to humans

Relative Pronouns & Intro to Verbs Masculine Feminine Neuter Translation Nom. Sg. ὅς ἥ ὅ Who/which/that Gen. Sg. οὗ ἧς of whom/which/whose Dat. Sg. ᾦ ᾖ To whom/which Acc. Sg. ὅν ἥν Whom/which/that Nom. pl. οἵ αἵ ἅ Gen. pl. ὧν Dat. pl. οἷς αἷς Acc. Pl. οὕς ἅς

Relative Pronouns & Intro to Verbs 1.2 Case and Translation of Relative Pronoun ὃς οὐ λαμβάνει τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκολουθεῖ ὀπίσω μου, οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄξιος (Matt 10:38) Whoever [He who] does not take up their cross and follow me is not worthy of me. (Matt 10:38)

Relative Pronouns & Intro to Verbs ἰδοὺ ὁ ἀστὴρ ὃν εἶδον ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ προῆγεν αὐτούς the star [that] they had seen when it rose went ahead of them (Matt 2:9) Translation: ‘who’, ‘which’ , ‘that’ – remember to include the case though Sometimes you need to add - for clarification Pronoun Demonstrative pronoun

Exercises Workbook: p. 49, warm-up and parsing

English & Greek Verbs 2.1 English & Greek Verb - Intro The verb is the key in Greek sentence Similarities and differences Tense, voice, mood, person, and number

English Verb 2.2 English Verbs A word that describes action I am studying Greek Greek is the heavenly language English verbs have: a.) Person (three persons [1-3]) First person = I/We Second person = You Third person = he/she/it/they

English Verb b. Number Singular Plural I am We are c. Agreement of verb with the subject Singular subject – singular verb (person & number) etc. Bill says [not: Bill say_] They are etc.

English Verb d. Time “when” “Times” – present, past, future e. Tense - “time” and “form” Time when the action takes place Form of the verb Generally “-ed” forms simple past tense in English

English Verb f. Aspect Completed action Continuous action Present Past Future Completed: I study I studied I will study Continuous: I am studying I was studying I’ll be studying

English Verb Active voice: Passive voice: g.) Voice Active voice [subject does the acting] Passive voice [subject receives the action] Active voice: Bill hits the ball Passive voice: Bill was hit by the ball

English Verb h.) Mood – Action’s relation to reality Indicative – something that “is” I am a disciple of Jesus NOT: I may be a disciple of Jesus Subjunctive Optative  Moods that point to “possibility” and/or “wish”

The Greek Verb 2.3 Greek verb a.) Agreement Agrees with its subject Personal endings [suffixes added to the end] ἀκούω – I hear ἀκούουσι – they hear  Personal ending indicates the person doing the action

The Greek Verb Who is speaking or spoken to… Singular: b. Person and number: Who is speaking or spoken to… Singular: ἐγω – (sg.1) σύ – (sg.2) αὐτός/αὐτή/αὐτό – (sg.3) Greek verb – personal ending Plural: must agree with the subject ἡμεῖς – (pl. 1) ὑμεῖς – (pl.2) αὐτοί, -αί, -ά – (pl. 3)

The Greek Verb c.) Tense: Form of the verb E.g. present, aorist, imperfect, perfect etc. d.) Aspect – what type of action Continuous (progressive) – “I am eating” Undefined (simple event) – “She left” Perfected (past event w/ present implications)

The Greek Verb Cont. e. Voice: The quality of the verb which indicates the relationship of the subject to the action Active – the subject is acting Passive – the subject is passive (or acted upon) Middle - the action returning to the subject Jesus answered nothing [in his defense] (Matt 27:12)

The Greek Verb Cont. The relation of the verb’s relation to reality f. Mood: The relation of the verb’s relation to reality Real or Potential Indicative – Real action (from speaker’s viewpoint) Eng. I complete my homework Subjunctive, optative, imperative – Potential action Eng. I may complete my homework.

The Greek Verb Cont. 3.1 Present Active Indicative Greek verb: stem + personal ending λύ (Pres. Stem) + - ω (personal ending)  λύω (pres. act. ind. sg.1) λύ + + μεν  λύομεν Stem + connecting vowel + personal ending

Functions as verb or noun The Greek Verb Cont. Singular Plural λύω I loose λύομεν We loose λύεις You loose λύετε λύει He/she/it is looses λύουσι(ν) They loose λύειν To loose (infinitive) Only tense and voice Functions as verb or noun

The Greek Verb Sg. 1 Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 λύω -ο - λύεις -ε ς Form Translation Connecting vowel Personal Ending Sg. 1 λύω I am loosing -ο - Sg. 2 λύεις You are loosing -ε ς Sg. 3 λύει He/she/it is loosing ι Pl. 1 λύομεν We are loosing μεν Pl. 2 λύετε τε Pl. 3 λύουσι(ν) They are loosing νσι

The Greek Verb 3.2 Parsing ἀκούετε ἀκούετε ἀκούω 2 plural present Inflected Gr. word Person/ case Number Tense/ gender Voice Mood Lexical form Inflected meaning ἀκούετε ? Inflected Gr. word Person/ case Number Tense/ gender Voice Mood Lexical form Inflected meaning ἀκούετε 2 plural present active Indicative ἀκούω You are hearing

The Greek Verb 3.3 Personal pronouns and the verb Personal pronouns are not needed with a verb λύω – I loose Personal pronouns can be used for emphasis Οὐχ ὡς ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλ’ ὡς σύ (Matt 26:39) Not as I will but as you [will] Note the gender with αὐτός αὐτή λέγεις ἀνθρώποις you [yourself] speak to men

Exercises & Homework Workbook: Homework: Exam II: Practice: p. 59 Parsing and warm-up Homework: p. 51 – no: 6-7 p. 61 – no: 9-10 Exam II: 10/23 Word study assignment: Hand in 11/6