C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 33

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1.The perfect subjunctive and optative 2.Numbers 3.Declension of numbers 4.The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς 5.Clauses of fearing 6.Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1.The perfect subjunctive and optative 2.Numbers 3.Declension of numbers 4.The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς 5.Clauses of fearing 6.Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect subjunctive and optative •The subjunctive exists in only two tenses, the present and aorist. •Shelmerdine shows forms for the perfect subjunctive, but these are rare and of restricted use, so you may safely ignore them.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect subjunctive and optative •Greek uses a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect participle + the present subjunctive of εἰμί. –γεγραφότες ὦσι, literally “having written, they are”  “they have been written.” –γεγραμμένοι ὦσι, literally “having been written, they are”  “they have been written.”

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect subjunctive and optative •The optative exists in only two tenses, the present and aorist. •Shelmerdine shows forms for the perfect optative, but these are rare and of restricted use, so you may safely ignore them.

Shelmerdine Chapter The perfect subjunctive and optative •Greek uses a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect participle + the present optative of εἰμί. –γεγραφότες εἶεν, literally “having written, they are”  “they have been written.” –γεγραμμένοι εἶεν, literally “having been written, they are”  “they have been written.”

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1.The perfect subjunctive and optative 2.Numbers 3.Declension of numbers 4.The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς 5.Clauses of fearing 6.Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. The numbers one, two, three and four decline (see 33.3), but the rest do not: one : εἷς, μία, ἕν two : δύο three : τρεῖς, τρία four : τέτταρες, τέτταρα

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: five : πέντε six : ἕξ seven : ἑπτά eight : ὀκτώ nine : ἐννέα ten : δέκα

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: eleven : ἕνδεκα twelve : δώδεκα thirteen : τρεῖς καὶ δέκα fourteen : τέτταρες καὶ δέκα fifteen : πεντεκαίδεκα

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: sixteen : ἑκκαίδεκα seventeen : ἑπτακαίδεκα eighteen : ὀκτωκαίδεκα nineteen : ἐννεακαίδεκα twenty : εἴκοσι(ν) twenty one : εἷς καὶ εἴκοσι(ν) κτλ

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: thirty : τριάκοντα forty : τετταράκοντα fifty : πεντήκοντα sixty : ἑξήκοντα seventy : ἑβδομήκοντα eighty : ὀγδοήκοντα

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. Numbers two hundred and higher decline again: ninety : ἐνενήκοντα hundred : ἑκατόν two hundred : διακόσιοι –αι –α three hundred : τριακόσιοι –αι –α four hundred : τετρακόσιοι –αι –α

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers : five hundred : πεντακόσιοι –αι –α six hundred : ἑξακόσιοι –αι –α seven hundred : ἑπτακόσιοι –αι –α eight hundred : ὀκτακόσιοι –αι –α nine hundred : ἐνακόσιοι –αι –α thousand : χίλιοι –αι –α

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers : two thousand : δισχίλιοι –αι –α three thousand : τρισχίλιοι –αι –α ten thousand : μύριοι –αι –α twenty thousand : δισμύριοι –αι –α (δύο μυριάδες) hundred thousand : δεκακισμύριοι –αι –α hundred million : μυριάκις μύριοι –αι –α

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •In the classical period, inscriptions show the following numerals : 6. Γ | 10. Δ (δέκα) 20. ΔΔ 100. Η (ἑκατόν) 200. ΗΗ Χ (χίλιοι) 10,000. Μ (μύριοι) 50. Γ Γ Χ Δ Χ 1. | 2. || 3. ||| 4. |||| 5. Γ

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 6. ς’ 7. ζ ’ 8. η ’ 9. θ ’ 10. ι ’ 11. ια ’ κτλ 1. α’ 2. β ’ 3. γ ’ 4. δ ’ 5. ε ’

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 80. π’ 90. ’ 100. ρ ’ 200. σ ’ 300. τ ’ 400. υ ’ 20. κ’ 30. λ ’ 40. μ ’ 50. ν ’ 60. ξ ’ 70. ο ’

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 2,000. ͵β 3,000. ͵γ 10,000. ͵μ 20,000. ͵κ 100,000. ͵ρ 500. φ’ 600. χ ’ 700. ψ ’ 800. ω ’ 900. ’ 1,000. ͵α €

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: first : πρῶτος –η –ον second : δεύτερος –α –ον third : τρίτος –η –ον fourth : τέταρτος –η –ον fifth : πέμπτος –η –ον sixth : ἕκτος –η –ον

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: seventh : ἕβδομος –η –ον eighth : ὄγδοος –α –ον ninth : ἔνατος –η –ον tenth : δέκατος –η –ον eleventh : ἐνδέκατος –η –ον twelfth : δωδέκατος –η –ον

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: thirteenth : τρίτος καὶ δέκατος κτλ twentieth : εἰκοστός –ή –όν thirtieth : τριακοστός –ή –όν fortieth : τετταρακοστός –ή –όν fiftieth : πεντηκοστός –ή –όν sixtieth : ἑξηκοστός –ή –όν

Shelmerdine Chapter Numbers •Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: seventieth : ἑβδομηκοστός –ή –όν eightieth : ὀγδοηκοστός –ή –όν ninetieth : ἐνενηκοστός –ή –όν hundredth : ἑκατοστός –ή –όν

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1.The perfect subjunctive and optative 2.Numbers 3.Declension of numbers 4.The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς 5.Clauses of fearing 6.Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter Declension of numbers •The number one declines as follows (the masculine and neuter use 3 rd declension endings; the feminine follows the first declension): masculine Nom. εἷς Gen. ἑνός Dat. ἑνί Acc. ἕνα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. μία Gen. μιᾶς Dat. μιᾷ Acc. μίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. ἕν Gen. ἑνός Dat. ἑνί Acc. ἕν Voc. = Nom. Masc. nom sg. ἑνς  εἱς

Shelmerdine Chapter Declension of numbers •The number two declines as follows (these are the older, “dual” endings, lost from most Greek words): masc/fem/neut Nom. δύο Gen. δυοῖν Dat. δυοῖν Acc. δύο Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter Declension of numbers •The number three declines as follows (3 rd declension): masc/fem Nom. τρεῖς Gen. τριῶν Dat. τρισί Acc. = Nom. Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. τρία Gen. τριῶν Dat. τρισί Acc. = Nom. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter Declension of numbers •The number four declines as follows (3 rd declension): masc/fem Nom. τέτταρες Gen. τεττάρων Dat. τέτταρσι Acc. τέτταρας Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. τέτταρα Gen. τεττάρων Dat. τέτταρσι Acc. = Nom. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1.The perfect subjunctive and optative 2.Numbers 3.Declension of numbers 4.The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς 5.Clauses of fearing 6.Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς •The number one with the prefix οὐδε serves as “no one, nothing”: masculine Nom. οὐδείς Gen. οὐδενός Dat. οὐδενί Acc. οὐδένα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. οὐδεμία Gen. οὐδεμιᾶς Dat. οὐδεμιᾷ Acc. οὐδεμίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. οὐδέν Gen. οὐδενός Dat. οὐδενί Acc. οὐδέν Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς •When μή is used instead of οὐ, make the same substitution ( οὐδείς  μηδείς κτλ) masculine Nom. μηδείς Gen. μηδενός Dat. μηδενί Acc. μηδένα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. μηδεμία Gen. μηδεμιᾶς Dat. μηδεμιᾷ Acc. μηδεμίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. μηδέν Gen. μηδενός Dat. μηδενί Acc. μηδέν Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1.The perfect subjunctive and optative 2.Numbers 3.Declension of numbers 4.The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς 5.Clauses of fearing 6.Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter Clauses of fearing •This chapter presents clauses of fearing. •In both Greek and English, verbs which refer to fear set up clauses which explain what the speaker fears. •In English, “that,” or no conjunction at all, can set up such a clause: –I am afraid (that) the enemy is coming.

Shelmerdine Chapter Clauses of fearing •In Greek, a verb of fearing sets up a clause beginning with μή, which, even though it technically means “not,” must be omitted in translation.

Shelmerdine Chapter Clauses of fearing •φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχονται. –I am afraid the enemy is coming. •φοβοῦμαι μὴ οὐ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχονται. –I am afraid the enemy is not coming. •φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἦλθον. –I am afraid the enemy came.

Shelmerdine Chapter Clauses of fearing •If the feared event is some possibility in the future, the verb in the fearing clause changes to the subjunctive or optative. •As with other clauses, in primary sequence the verb becomes subjunctive, while in secondary sequence it generally becomes optative.

Shelmerdine Chapter Clauses of fearing •φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχωνται. –I am afraid the enemy will (could, might) come. •ἐφοβούμην μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχοιντο. –I was afraid the enemy would come.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1.The perfect subjunctive and optative 2.Numbers 3.Declension of numbers 4.The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς and μηδείς 5.Clauses of fearing 6.Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter Indirect questions •Previous chapters have introduced direct questions (24.4, 25.4, 29.4, 29.6). –Where are the people? •An indirect question is one reported rather than asked directly. –I know where the people are.

Shelmerdine Chapter Indirect questions •Greek may mark indirect questions in one or both of two ways. –The indirect question usually has a different interrogative than the direct question. –Following a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect), the verb of the indirect question may change to the optative mood.

Shelmerdine Chapter Indirect questions •Recall that ἆρα sets up a yes/no question. –ἆρ’ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πάρεισιν; –Are the people near? •In an indirect questions, εἰ normally replaces ἆρα. –ἐρωτῶ εἰ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πάρεισιν. –I ask if (whether) the people are near.

Shelmerdine Chapter Indirect questions •For other interrogatives, the indefinite form (usually created by adding the prefix ὁ-) replaces the direct form. –ποῦ οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν; •Where are the people ? –ἐρωτῶ ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν. •I ask where the people are.

Shelmerdine Chapter Indirect questions •As with indirect statement, English will backshift the tense but Greek will not. –ἐρωτῶ ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν. •I ask where the people are. –ἠρόμην ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν. •I asked where the people were.

Shelmerdine Chapter Indirect questions •But in secondary sequence, Greek may change the verb of the indirect question to the optative. –ἠρόμην ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν. –ἠρόμην ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποι εἶεν. •I asked where the people were.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 for next class (Thursday, April 28, 2011): •Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 34 –from Conjunctions: omit ἔστε •Continue Xenophon

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 ἐν δὲ τούτῳ, ἐπεὶ ἡ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ὕλη ὑπὸ στρατιώτου τινὸς ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πόλυ κατεκαύθη, ῥᾷον ἦν τῷ Δημοσθένει εὑρίσκειν ὁπόσοι εἰσὶν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ὅπου ἔξεστιν ἀποβαίνειν. Κλέων δέ στρατιὰν ἔχων ἀφικνεῖται εἰς Πύλον. οἱ δὲ στρατηγοί, πάντας τοὺς ὁπλίτας νυκτὸς ἐπιβιβάσαντες ἐπ' ὀλίγας ναῦς, ὀλίγον τῆς νήσου ἀπέβαινον ἑκατέρωθεν, καὶ ἐχώρουν δρόμῳ ἐπὶ τὸ πρῶτον φυλακτήριον· τοὺς δὲ φύλακας λανθάνουσιν ἀποβαίνοντες εἰς γῆν καὶ εὐθὺς διαφθείρουσιν ἔτι ἀναλαμβάνοντας τὰ ὅπλα.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 ἐν δὲ τούτῳ, ἐπεὶ ἡ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ὕλη ὑπὸ στρατιώτου τινὸς ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πόλυ κατεκαύθη, ῥᾷον ἦν τῷ Δημοσθένει εὑρίσκειν ὁπόσοι εἰσὶν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ὅπου ἔξεστιν ἀποβαίνειν. Κλέων δέ στρατιὰν ἔχων ἀφικνεῖται εἰς Πύλον. οἱ δὲ στρατηγοί, πάντας τοὺς ὁπλίτας νυκτὸς ἐπιβιβάσαντες ἐπ' ὀλίγας ναῦς, ὀλίγον τῆς νήσου ἀπέβαινον ἑκατέρωθεν, καὶ ἐχώρουν δρόμῳ ἐπὶ τὸ πρῶτον φυλακτήριον· τοὺς δὲ φύλακας λανθάνουσιν ἀποβαίνοντες εἰς γῆν καὶ εὐθὺς διαφθείρουσιν ἔτι ἀναλαμβάνοντας τὰ ὅπλα.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 ὕστερον δὲ πᾶς ὁ ἄλλος στρατὸς ἀπέβη πλὴν τῶν ἐν τῇ Πύλῳ φυλάκων. οἱ δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ὡς εἶδον τὸ φυλακτήριον διεφθαρμένον καὶ στρατὸν προχωροῦντα, τοῖς ὁπλίταις τῶν Ἀθηναίων προσέβαλλον, βουλόμενοι εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν. οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι, αἰσθόμενοι αὐτοὶ πολλῷ πλείονες ὄντες τῶν πολεμίων, ἔβαλλον λίθοις τε καὶ τοξεύμασιν. τέλος δὲ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐχώρησαν εἰς τὸ ἔσχατον φυλακτήριον τῆς νήσου.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 ὕστερον δὲ πᾶς ὁ ἄλλος στρατὸς ἀπέβη πλὴν τῶν ἐν τῇ Πύλῳ φυλάκων. οἱ δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ὡς εἶδον τὸ φυλακτήριον διεφθαρμένον καὶ στρατὸν προχωροῦντα, τοῖς ὁπλίταις τῶν Ἀθηναίων προσέβαλλον, βουλόμενοι εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν. οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι, αἰσθόμενοι αὐτοὶ πολλῷ πλείονες ὄντες τῶν πολεμίων, ἔβαλλον λίθοις τε καὶ τοξεύμασιν. τέλος δὲ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐχώρησαν εἰς τὸ ἔσχατον φυλακτήριον τῆς νήσου.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 χρόνον μὲν οὖν πολὺν ἀμφότεροι ἐμάχοντο, πιεζόμενοι τῇ μάχῃ καὶ δίψῃ καὶ ἡλίῳ· προσελθὼν δὲ ὁ τῶν Μεσσηνίων στρατηγὸς Κλέωνι καὶ Δημοσθένει ἔφη ἐκείνους μὲν μάτην πονεῖν, αὐτὸς δέ, εἰ βούλονται ἑαυτῷ παρέχειν τοξότας καὶ ψιλούς, περιελεύσεσθαι κατὰ νώτου. λαβὼν δὲ τούτους ἔλαθε τοὺς πολεμίους περιελθών, καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐξέπληξεν. καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι βαλλόμενοι ἑκατέρωθεν οὐκέτι ἀντεῖχον. ὁ δὲ Κλέων καὶ ὁ Δημοσθένης, βουλόμενοι λαβεῖν αὐτοὺς ζῶντας, ἔπαυσαν τὴν μάχην, καὶ οὕτως ὁ Κλέων εἴκοσιν ἡμερῶν ἤγαγε τοὺς ἄνδρας Ἀθήναζε, ὥσπερ ὑπέστη.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 χρόνον μὲν οὖν πολὺν ἀμφότεροι ἐμάχοντο, πιεζόμενοι τῇ μάχῃ καὶ δίψῃ καὶ ἡλίῳ· προσελθὼν δὲ ὁ τῶν Μεσσηνίων στρατηγὸς Κλέωνι καὶ Δημοσθένει ἔφη ἐκείνους μὲν μάτην πονεῖν, αὐτὸς δέ, εἰ βούλονται ἑαυτῷ παρέχειν τοξότας καὶ ψιλούς, περιελεύσεσθαι κατὰ νώτου.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 λαβὼν δὲ τούτους ἔλαθε τοὺς πολεμίους περιελθών, καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐξέπληξεν. καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι βαλλόμενοι ἑκατέρωθεν οὐκέτι ἀντεῖχον. ὁ δὲ Κλέων καὶ ὁ Δημοσθένης, βουλόμενοι λαβεῖν αὐτοὺς ζῶντας, ἔπαυσαν τὴν μάχην, καὶ οὕτως ὁ Κλέων εἴκοσιν ἡμερῶν ἤγαγε τοὺς ἄνδρας Ἀθήναζε, ὥσπερ ὑπέστη.

The Peloponnesian War •425 BC –of 420 Spartans: 128 dead, 292 prisoners •including 120 Spartiates –Cleon the hero captured Spartan shield from Pylos found at the Acropolis

Shelmerdine Chapter Μαρία δὲ εἱστήκει πρὸς τῷ μνημείῳ ἔξω κλαίουσα. ὡς οὖν ἔκλαιεν παρέκυψεν εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, 12 καὶ θεωρεῖ δύο ἀγγέλους ἐν λευκοῖς καθεζομένους, ἕνα πρὸς τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ ἕνα πρὸς τοῖς ποσίν, ὅπου ἔκειτο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. 13 καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῇ ἐκεῖνοι, Γύναι, τί κλαίεις; λέγει αὐτοῖς ὅτι Ἦραν τὸν κύριόν μου, καὶ οὐκ οἶδα ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν. αἴρω, ἀρῶ, ἦρα raise, take away εἱστήκει 3rd sg plup indic act < ἵστημι θεωρέω watch, see καθέζομαι sit κεῖμαι lie, lie down κεφαλή -ῆς ἡ head κλαίω cry κύριος –ου ὁ lord λευκός -ή -όν white μνημεῖον –ου τό tomb παρακύπτω peer into πούς ποδός ὁ foot

Shelmerdine Chapter ταῦτα εἰποῦσα ἐστράφη εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω, καὶ θεωρεῖ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἑστῶτα, καὶ οὐκ ᾔδει ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν. 15 λέγει αὐτῇ Ἰησοῦς, Γύναι, τί κλαίεις; τίνα ζητεῖς; ἐκείνη δοκοῦσα ὅτι ὁ κηπουρός ἐστιν λέγει αὐτῷ, Κύριε, εἰ σὺ ἐβάστασας αὐτόν, εἰπέ μοι ποῦ ἔθηκας αὐτόν, κἀγὼ αὐτὸν ἀρῶ. 16 λέγει αὐτῇ Ἰησοῦς, Μαρία. στραφεῖσα ἐκείνη λέγει αὐτῷ Ἑβραϊστί, Ραββουνι [ὃ λέγεται Διδάσκαλε]. αἴρω, ἀρῶ, ἦρα raise, take away βαστάζω carry, take διδάσκαλος –ου ὁ teacher δοκέω think Ἑβραϊστί in Hebrew ἑστῶτα < ἑστώς perf part. act. < ἵστημι θεωρέω watch, see κηπουργός –οῦ ὁ gardener κλαίω cry κύριος –ου ὁ lord ὀπίσω behind στρέφω (aor. intrans. ἐστράφην) turn

Shelmerdine Chapter λέγει αὐτῇ Ἰησοῦς, Μή μου ἅπτου, οὔπω γὰρ ἀναβέβηκα πρὸς τὸν πατέρα· πορεύου δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφούς μου καὶ εἰπὲ αὐτοῖς, Ἀναβαίνω πρὸς τὸν πατέρα μου καὶ πατέρα ὑμῶν καὶ θεόν μου καὶ θεὸν ὑμῶν. 18 ἔρχεται Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ ἀγγέλλουσα τοῖς μαθηταῖς ὅτι Ἑώρακα τὸν κύριον, καὶ ταῦτα εἶπεν αὐτῇ. (κατὰ Ἰωάννην ) ἀδελφός -οῦ ὁ brother ἀναβάινω walk up, ascend ἅπτω touch ἑώρακα perf. < ὁράω see

Shelmerdine Chapter 33 for next class (Monday, May 2, 2011): •Quiz: Decline εἷς, μία, ἕν (page 233 or slide 26) •Chapter 34