Herakles’ 13th Labor The Third Declension.

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Μεταγράφημα παρουσίασης:

Herakles’ 13th Labor The Third Declension

What do we mean when we say that there are three declensions? 3 different patterns of endings A declension is a pattern of endings each noun belongs to a declension What characterizes the first declension: endings use the vowels η and α. What characterizes the second declension: endings use the vowel ο. Third declension: all the rest. The misfits. The losers. Or: the visionaries.

First Declension Reminders

Second Declension Endings

Second Declension Reminders Nominatives end in -ος for the masculine (and less commonly, the feminine, like ἡ ὁδός) Nominatives end in –ον for the neuter The voc. sing. is DIFFERENT from the nominative in the 2nd declension: -ε instead of –ος Unlike 1st declension, accent of the genitive plural DOESN’T become circumflex on ultima Neuter nouns: nom. & acc. & voc. have same endings in s. & pl.

Accent Reminders When 1st and 2nd declension nouns have acute on ultima in nom. sg., the accent in the gen. and dat. (singular and plural) becomes a circumflex Example: ἀδελφός  ἀδελφοῦ ψυχή  ψυχῆς

Third Declension Noun Endings

Third Declension Accents Persistent Exception: 3rd declension nouns with 1-syllable stems accent the ultima in the gen. and dat. (both sg & pl) Genitive plural takes a circumflex

…3rd declension Dative form rules dative plural ending, -σι, combines with the stem in ways that can result in spelling changes. Compensatory Lengthening “Spurious diphthong”

What’s up with γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ?

Third/First Declension Adjectives Double-stem situation The υ is part of the stem in the masc. and neut. nom., acc., and voc. (singular) In the other cases and numbers, the stem is ἡδε- εὐρε- Note: fem. pl. gen. has circumflex on the ultima, but other genders don’t.

Forming the vocative of 3rd declension nouns

Singular plural N ἡ εὐγενὴς γυνή Αἱ εὐγενεῖς γυναῖκες G Τῆς εὐγενοῦς γυναικός Τῶν εὐγενῶν γυναικῶν D Τῇ εὐγενεῖ γυναικί Ταῖς εὐγενέσι γυναιξί A Τὴν εὐγενῆ γυναῖκα Τὰς εὐγενεῖς γυναῖκας V Εὐγενὲς γύναι εὐγενεῖς γυναῖκες

Singular plural N τὸ ἀσθενὲς σῶμα Τὰ ἀσθενῆ σώματα G Τοῦ ἀσθενοῦς σώματος Τῶν ἀσθενῶν σωμάτων D Τῷ ἀσθενεῖ σώματι Τοῖς ἀσθενέσι σώμασι A V ἀσθενὲς σῶμα ἀσθενῆ σώματα

New types of clauses result clauses temporal clauses causal clauses conditions

Result Word used to initiate result clauses: Result clauses can express what kind of idea with an indicative verb? Result clauses can express what kind of idea with an infinitive verb? How do you know which negative to use?

1. τὸ ἀληθὲς λέγει ὥστε πιστεύεται. 2. τὸ ἀληθὲς λέγει ὥστε πιστεύεσθαι. 3. οὕτως αἰσχρός ἐστιν ὥστε τὸν ξένον ἀπέκτεινεν. 4. οὕτως αἰσχρός ἐστιν ὥστε τὸν ξένον ἀποκτεῖναι.

Temporal Clauses Dependent clauses introduced by temporal conjunctions (“after, while, until”) Set up an action that happened either before, at the same time as, or after the main clause “After he wrote the book, he taught the citizens.” “When he was writing the book, he taught the citizens.” “He was teaching the citizens until he finished the book.” Words that initiate temporal clauses:

ἐπειδή/ἐπεί Note about ἐπειδή/ἐπεί – “after, when, since” both introduce BOTH temporal and causal clauses ἐπειδή = ἐπεί + δή (particle) meaning = roughly the same, but ἐπειδή is seen more frequently in temporal clauses than in causal clauses ἐπειδὴ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἔλυσαν, δῶρα ἔμεμψα. “After/since they freed my brother, I sent gifts.”

Causal clauses ἐπειδὴ οὐχ οἷος τ᾽ ἦν τὴν γυναῖκα λιπεῖν, ἔμεινα ἐν τῇ πόλει. διὰ τοῦτο μένει ἐν τῇ πόλει ὅτι οὐχ οἷός τ᾽ ἐστὶ τὴν γυναῖκα λιπεῖν. ὡς οὐχ οἷός τ´ ἐστὶ τὴν γυναῖκα λιπεῖν μένει ἐν τῇ πόλει.

Conditions Built of two things: protasis and apodosis Negatives used: μή and οὐ Which in protasis? Which in apodosis? Types we’ve learned about so far: Simple Contrary-to-fact

Simple condition Components: Word triggers: Mood of verb in protasis? Mood of verb in apodosis? Implications about whether or not the action is fulfilled?

Contrary-to-fact Components: Word triggers: Tense and mood of verb in protasis: Tense and mood of verb in apodosis:

οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ οὕτως κακὸς ἦν ὥστε μὴ ἔχειν φίλους.

πολλοὺς δὲ φίλους ἔχει ὥστε εὐτυχής ἐστιν.

οὕτως σοφὸς εἶ ὥστε πάντα ἐπίστασθαι. [ἐπίστασθαι to know: pres. inf.]

ἐκεῖνος ὁ βασιλεὺς ἦν οὕτως αἰσχρὸς ὥστε τὴν καλὴν θυγατέρα τοῖς θεοῖς τοῖς τοῦ πολέμου ἔθυσεν.

ἐκεῖνος ὁ πολίτης οὕτως ἐστὶ δεινὸς λέγειν ὥστε πάντας πεῖσαι.

οἱ δικασταὶ οἵδε οὕτως ἦσαν ἄδικοι ὥστε παρὰ νόμον πολλὰ καὶ ἄδικα δῶρα ἔλαβον.

ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἤθελες, οὐκ ἤλθομεν εἰς τὴν μικρὰν σκηνήν.

εὐτυχεῖς ἐστε ἕως ἔτι νέοι ἐστέ.

ἐπειδὴ ταύτην τὴν χώραν ἔλιπον, κατὰ θάλατταν πρὸς τὰς νήσους ἦλθον.

ὅτε τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἔλεγε, ἤκουον τὸν πάντα λόγον.

οἱ γὰρ δικασταὶ οὐκ ἔκριναν πρὶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἔμαθον.

οἱ πολῖται ἐβουλεύσαντο πρὶν κρίνειν.

ἀπεθάνομεν ἄν, εἰ μὴ οἵδε οἱ ἄνδρες ἦλθον.