Class III Introduction to Participles and Adverbial Participle Gre 4221 Beginning Greek II Class III Introduction to Participles and Adverbial Participle © Dr. Esa Autero

Introduction to Participles 1.1 English Participles [-ING] Participle is formed by adding –ing to a verb The child, playing next to crib, is my son. After singing, I will go to eat *Gerund & part. identical in English Participles – verbal adjectives While playing, my child gave me the look “playing” tells something about “gave” [verbal aspect] The boy, reading the book, is my student “reading” tells something about the student [adjectival aspect] When –ing form is functioning adjectivally or adverbially  gerund; when functioning as noun  participle (Greek has no gerund)

Introduction to Participles Participle can have modifiers Such as direct object, adverb etc. Participial phrase – identify beginning and end While drinking, she noticed him Who drinks, she or he?  Word order crucial in English

Introduction to Participles 1.2 Participle in Greek [-ντ/-οτ] Many of the same rules apply to Greek Adverbial and adjectival characteristics Verb: Tense (pr., aor., pf.) and voice (act., mid., pass.) Adjective: agrees w/ the word it modifies in case, number, gender Formation – is built on VERB: λύω  λύοντες πιστεύω  πιστεύσαντες ποιέω  πεποιηκότες

Introduction to Participles Verb + (con vowel) + part. morpheme + case ending λυ + ο + ντ + ες  λύοντες πιστευ + σα + ντ + ες  πιστεύσαντες πεποιη + κ + οτ + ες  πεποιηκότες Participle & Aspect Type of action rather than time most important! Aspect Tense Stem Present Continuous action Aorist Undefined action Perfect Completed action w/ present effects

Introduction to Participles 1.3 Verbal and Adjectival participle Two basic uses of participle Adverbial participle  action directed toward a verb Translate with adverbial phrase While studying for his Greek exam, he passed out Adjectival participle  action of the participle modifies noun or pronoun Translate with adjectival phrase The car running outside belongs to John

Introduction to Participles Verbal side of the participle Participles built on pr., aor., or pf. stem λυ + ο + ντ + ες  λύοντες [built on present stem] πιστευ + σα + ντ + ες  πιστεύσαντες* [built on aorist stem] πεποιη + κ + οτ + ες  πεποιηκότες [built on perfect stem] *NOTE: there is no augment in aorist participle! Voice of the participle – active, middle, or passive ἀκούοντες – active (word it modifies does the action) ἀκουόμενοι – passive (word it modifies receives the action) ἐρχόμενοι – middle (deponent)

Introduction to Participles Adjectival side of the participle Participle agrees with the noun it modifies in Case, Number, Gender E.g. The man, eating ice cream, is my uncle. Man = masc., sg. nom. Eating = masc., sg. nom. ἔβλεψετε τὸν ἄντθρωπον τὸν διδάσκοντα τὴν κοινήν You saw the man who was teaching the Koine ἄνθρωπον = acc. masc. sg. διδάσκοντα = acc. masc. sg. Who is “teaching” and who “saw” here?

Introduction to Participles 2.1 Present Adverbial Participles Built on present stem tense Describes continuous action Not always possible to convey in translation Adverbial participle Action described by the participle is related to the verb In practice translate with adverb “while/because” + “-ing” ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀπέθανε διδάσκων τὴν κοινήν The man died while teaching [the] Koine  Part. Agrees with the noun in case, number, gender The adverbial participle is always anarthrous [w/o article] The present part. does not necessarily refer to present time!

Introduction to Participles Present participle Pr. Stem + con. vowel + part. Morpheme + case endings πιστευ + ο + ντ + ες  πιστεύοντες The four possible participle morphemes -ντ active morpheme in masculine & neuter (3rd declension) λύοντες, λύοντα -ουσα active morpheme in feminine (1st declension) λύουσαι -μενο/μενη middle/passive morpheme λυόμενος, λυομένη, λυόμενον

Introduction to Participles Paradigm – Present Participle, Active Masculine (3) Feminine (1) Neuter (3) Sg. Nom. λύων λύουσα λῦον Sg. Gen. λύοντος λυούσης Sg. Dat. λύοντι λυούσῃ Sg. Acc. λύοντα λύουσαν Pl. Nom. λύοντες λύουσαι Pl. Gen. λυόντων λυουσῶν Pl. Dat. λύουσι(ν) λυούσαις Pl. Acc. λύοντας λυούσας

Introduction to Participles Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. sg. ων ουσα ον Gen. sg. οντος ουσης Contract verbs - ἀγαπα + οντος  ἀγαπῶντος εἰμί – pt. act. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. sg. ὤν οὖσα ὄν Gen. sg. ὄντος οὔσης Dat. sg. ὄντι οὔσῃ Acc. sg. ὄντα οὖσαν Nom. pl. ὄντες οὖσαι Gen. pl. ὄντων οὐσῶν Dat. pl. οὖσι(ν) οὔσαις Acc. pl. ὄντας οὔσας

Introduction to Participles Present Participle Middle/Passive Pr. stem + con. vowel + mid/pass. morpheme + case endings λυ + ο + μενο + ι  λυόμενοι Masc. Fem. Neut. Sg. Nom. λυόμενος λυομένη λυόμενον Sg. Gen. λυομένου λυομένης Sg. Dat. λυομένῳ λυομένῃ Sg. Acc. λυομένην Pl. nom. λυόμενοι λυόμεναι λυόμενα Pl. gen. λυομένων Pl. dat. λυομένοις λυομέναις λυομέμοις Pl. acc. λυομένους λυομένας

Introduction to Participles 2.2 Translation procedures Aspect – present tense  continuous Voice – active, middle, passive Meaning Lexical form of the verb – which word part. modifies? Translation options – use context as a clue “-ing” Passive: “-ing” + english past participle Temporal or causal [cause/reason] meaning?

Introduction to Participles Basic “-ing” translation παραγίνεται Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστὴς κηρύσσων ἐν τἦ ἐρήμω John the Baptist came, preaching in the desert. Passive – “-ing” + English past participle Τί ἐξήλθατε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον θεάσασθαι, κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed being shaken by the wind.

Introduction to Participles More difficult examples - temporal/causal Temporal – “-ing” + while Παράγων εἶδεν Λευὶν τὸν τοῦ Ἁλφαίου While passing by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus Causal – “because…” Ἰωσὴφ...δίκαιος ὤν...ἐβουλήθη λάθρα ἀπολῦσαι αὐτήν Joseph, because he was righteous, decided to divorce her quietly

Introduction to Participles Relative time Greek participle – relative time [not absolute time]  Aspect more important than time Pr. part. describes action that occurs at the same time as the main verb  past verb, translate part. in past continuous Περιπατῶν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας εἶδεν δύο ἀδελφούς As he was walking by the Sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers

Introduction to Participles Practice Parsing p. 107 Warm-up p. 107 Homework p. 109, no: 7-10