Class II: English and Greek Nouns © Dr. Esa Autero GRE 4220 Beginning Greek I Class II: English and Greek Nouns © Dr. Esa Autero

English and Greek Nouns 1.1 Important Concepts and Definitions English grammar first Inflection Subjective case Indirect object Etc.  We cannot learn Greek grammar before we know English grammar

English and Greek Nouns Inflection – “when words change their form” He  his He is the king ---- The king imprisoned him. She  her She has read the book ----- She has read her book Know  knew Prince  princess  Word may change when it performs different functions in the sentence  Greek is highly inflected

English Nouns 1.2 Case in English Function of a noun as it related to verb in a sentence (or other parts of the sentence)  case Three cases in English Subjective case Possessive case Objective case

English Nouns Subjective case If the word is the subject of a verb  subjective case John went to the gym The dog ran away To locate subject, ask “who” or “what”

English Nouns Possessive Case If the word demonstrates possession Her New Testament has been taken away Our dog is in a neighbor’s yard

English Nouns Objective Case If a word is a direct object  objective case Direct object = person /thing directly affected by the action of verb John failed his test The preacher preached the word To locate direct object, ask “whom” or “what”

English Nouns Most English word do not change their form in different cases Teacher likes him (subjective case) He likes the teacher (objective case) BUT: He is teacher’s pet (possessive case) Case Function Examples Subj. Subject He borrowed my computer Pos. Possession He borrowed my computer Obj. Direct object He borrowed my computer

English Nouns 1.3 Number Words can be singular or plural  One or many One student Three students  One or many

English Nouns 1.4 Gender Words are either masculine, feminine, or neuter He She it  Some words change their form He gave it to her. (all are sg.3 pronouns) Also: steward – stewardess; prince - princess

English Nouns 1.5 Declension in English Declension Grouping of nouns according to endings A noun is a word which designates a person, place, or thing Ex. English plural nouns Adding “s” OR “es” OR irregular plural nouns --- Cat – cats wish – wishes mouse – mice  Meaning remains the same  A declension is a pattern of inflection!

Parts of Speech 1.6 Parts of Speech Noun Adjective a word that stands for someone or something Bill threw his big red book at the teacher Adjective A word that modifies a noun (or another adjective) “big”, “red”

Parts of Speech Preposition Subject and Predicate A word that shows a relationship between two other words My Greek book is under the table Subject and Predicate Sentence has two parts: subject and predicate Subject: subject of the verb & what modifies the subject Predicate: rest of the sentence My favorite Greek book is placed inside my desk.

Parts of Speech Articles Indefinite article: “a”/”an” Definite article: “The” The book I read is excellent  Specific book Indefinite article: “a”/”an” I read a book yesterday  Some book in general

Case in Greek ἀπόστολο -- ς 2.1 Nominative and Accusative Nominative - designation Main idea – subject of a sentence (“naming” case) ὁ ἀπόστολος γινώσκει  The apostle knows  Masculine singular word ἀπόστολο -- ς Stem Case Ending

Case in Greek υἱόν  υἱό – ν . Accusative stem+ acc. ending Accusative - limitation Main idea: the direct object (I see the ball) ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τόν υἱόν  The apostle teaches/is teaching the son  Masculine singular word υἱόν  υἱό – ν . Accusative stem+ acc. ending

Case in Greek Word order in Greek Case endings, not the word order, determines meaning English word order: subject – verb – object Matt saw a car Greek word order – And listen you must to Yoda! More freedom in arrangement of the words Often : conjunction-verb-subject-object Unusual word order points to an emphasis

Case in Greek Examples of Greek word order ὁ ἀπόστολος βλέπει τόν υἱόν τόν υἱόν βλέπει ὁ ἀπόστολος  The apostle sees the son // The apostle sees the son ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον (John 3:16)  God loved the world

Case in Greek 2.2 Greek Nouns λόγος γραφή ὥρα ἔργον λόγον γραφήν ὥραν Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. Sg. λόγος γραφή ὥρα ἔργον Acc. Sg. λόγον γραφήν ὥραν Nom. Pl. λόγοι γραφάι ὥραι ἔργα Acc. Pl. λόγους γραφάς ὥρας

Case in Greek 2.3 Definite Article ὁ ἡ τό τόν τήν οἱ αἱ τά τούς τάς Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. Sg. ὁ ἡ τό Acc. Sg. τόν τήν Nom. Pl. οἱ αἱ τά Acc. Pl. τούς τάς

Case in Greek Examples ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον (John 3:16) οἱ ἀπόστολοι βλέπουσι τοῦς υἱόυς The apostles see the sons τήν βασιλείαν βλέπω I see the kingdom ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον (John 3:16) God loved the world

Case in Greek Practice in class: Homework: Workbook pp. 11-14 p. 12-13, no: 1, 4-5, 7. Vocabulary quiz: chs. 4 & 6

Case in Greek 3.1 Genitive and Dative Genitive in English Possessive case “of” or “s” The Word of God The apostle’s word was ignored

Case in Greek Dative in English Indirect object Person/object is indirectly affected by the action of the verb Karin threw the ball to Brad Indirect object answers the question “to whom” “to what”

Case in Greek 3.2 Genitive Case in Greek Genitive as possession Main idea: specifies/qualifies the idea or a word it modifies Often refers to possession ὁ οἶκος τοῦ ἀποστόλου  The house of the apostle ἀποστόλο - υ stem case ending

Case in Greek Genitive as separation Main idea indicates separation Same case as genitive – different function ὁ ἀπόστολος πέμπει τὸυς δούλους τοῦ οἴκου  The apostle sends the servants from the house  More uses of genitive on pp. 52-53 “of” is the main idea of genitive

Case in Greek 3.3 Dative Case in Greek Dative as reception Main idea: indirect object of a verb (I spoke “to the crowd”) ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγει τῷ ὄχλῳ  The apostle talks to the crowd

Case in Greek Dative as location ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τῷ οἴκῳ Main idea: location ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τῷ οἴκῳ  The apostle teaches in the house

Case in Greek Dative as means/instrument ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει νόμοις Main idea: means or instrument ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει νόμοις  The apostle teaches with laws  More uses of dative on pp. 53-54 “to” is the main idea of dative

Case in Greek λόγος γραφή ὥρα ἔργον λόγου γραφῆς ὥρας ἔργου λόγῳ γραφῇ Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. Sg. λόγος γραφή ὥρα ἔργον Gen. Sg. λόγου γραφῆς ὥρας ἔργου Dat. Sg. λόγῳ γραφῇ ὥρᾳ ἔργῳ Acc. Sg. λόγον γραφήν ὥραν Nom. Pl. λόγοι γραφαί ἔργα Gen. Pl. λόγων γραφῶν ἔργων Dat. Pl. λόγοις γραφαῖς ἔργοις Acc. Pl. λόγους γραφάς

Case in Greek ὁ ἡ τό τοῦ τῆς τῷ τῇ τόν τήν οἱ αἱ τά τῶν τοῖς ταῖς τούς Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. Sg. ὁ ἡ τό Gen. Sg. τοῦ τῆς Dat. Sg. τῷ τῇ Acc. Sg. τόν τήν Nom. Pl. οἱ αἱ τά Gen. Pl. τῶν Dat. Pl. τοῖς ταῖς Acc. Pl. τούς τάς

Case in Greek Using Lexicons (and vocabulary in the textbook) Dictionary indicates the following forms (nouns) Nominative, genitive, article in Greek + translation  This helps you deduce all other case endings Nominative Genitive ending Article (gender) Translation ἀγάπη -ης ἡ [fem.] Love βασιλεία -ας [pattern] Kingdom ἔργον -ου τό [neut.] Work, deed καίρος -οῦ ὁ [masc.] Time, season ἀγάπη, -ης, ἡ --- love

Exegesis and case 3.4 Luke 2:14 – Good will and peace to who? 14Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. (KJV) 14 “Glory to God in the highest heaven,    and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests.” (NIV) 14 "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased!“ (ESV)  What’s the differences?

Exegesis and Case Greek text variants: Nominative or genitive Δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας.

Case in Greek Practice in class: Homework: Workbook pp. 15-16 pp. 16-17, Translation sentences 4-10. Vocabulary quiz ch. 7 (p. 50).