C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 5.

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1 C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 5

2 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 1.Masculine and feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension 2.The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) 3.Aspect in the indicative 4.Word order 5.The possessive genitive

3 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 1. Masculine and feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension This chapter introduces nouns of the 2 nd declension. These nouns use endings similar to that of the masculine definite article. Hence λόγος “word” singular ὁ λόγος τοῦ λόγου τῷ λόγῳ τὸν λόγον λόγε plural οἱ λόγοι τῶν λόγων τοῖς λόγοις τοὺς λόγους Voc. = nom.

4 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 1. Masculine and feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension Feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension use exactly the same endings as masculine nouns. Hence νῆσος “island” singular ἡ νῆσος τῆς νήσου τῇ νήσῳ τὴν νῆσον νῆσε plural αἱ νῆσοι τῶν νήσων ταῖς νήσοις τὰς νήσους Voc. = nom.

5 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 1. Masculine and feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension Nouns of the 2 nd declension follow the same rules for accent as nouns of the 1 st declension. Accents are persistent and may begin on the antepenult, penult or ultima. Like the nominative plural ending –αι in the 1 st declension, the nominative plural ending –οι in the 2 nd declension is considered short for purposes of accent, even though it is a diphthong.

6 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 Looking up a Greek noun Recall that in a vocabulary, glossary, lexicon, or dictionary, a Greek noun is listed by its (1) nominative singular, (2) genitive singular ending, and (3) the nominative singular article. –τιμή, -ῆς, ἡ “honor” –χώρα, -ας, ἡ “country” –κριτής, -οῦ, ὁ “judge” –λόγος, -ου, ὁ “word” –νῆσος, -ου, ἡ “island”

7 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 Looking up a Greek noun Learn and observe both case forms closely, to determine the declension and pattern of endings: –τιμή, -ῆς, ἡ “honor” 1 st declension –χώρα, -ας, ἡ “country” 1 st declension –κριτής, -οῦ, ὁ “judge” 1 st declension –λόγος, -ου, ὁ “word” 2 nd declension –νῆσος, -ου, ἡ “island” 2 nd declension

8 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 1.Masculine and feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension 2.The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) 3.Aspect in the indicative 4.Word order 5.The possessive genitive

9 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 parse/parsing 1 st, 2 nd or 3 RD PERSON SINGULAR or PLURAL PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AORIST, or FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE

10 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 2. The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) The aorist tense refers to a single past action. Think of it as action in the past that you see as a snapshot in your head. Recall that the imperfect tense refers to ongoing or repeated past action. Think of it as action in the past that you see as a moving video in your head.

11 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 Imperfect I was going It was happening They were running Aorist I went It happened They ran

12 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 2. The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) The present, imperfect, and aorist tenses together make up about 90% of the verb forms in most ancient Greek texts.

13 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 2. The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) Greek has two types of aorist –(1) “weak” (also called “1 st ”) –(2) “strong” (also called “2 nd ”) Normally a verb has only one type and there is no difference between the two types. In this chapter, we learn only the weak (1 st ) aorist.

14 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 2. The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) Like the imperfect (and like any secondary tense in the indicative mood) the aorist adds an augment to the beginning of the stem. –This augment appears as an ἐ- attached to the beginning of the stem Like the future, the weak (1 st ) aorist adds a σ to the end of the stem. aorist stem: ἐλυσ- –present: λυ -, future: λυσ -, imperfect: ἐλυ-

15 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 singular -α (I) -ας (you) -ε (s/he, it) plural -αμεν (we) -ατε (you, y’all) -αν (they) the endings for the weak (1 st ) aorist (variation of secondary endings)

16 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 singular λύ ω λύ εις λύ ει plural λύ ομεν λύ ετε λύ ουσι present tense present stem = λυ

17 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 singular λύσ ω λύσ εις λύσ ει plural λύσ ομεν λύσ ετε λύσ ουσι future stem = λυσ Note the addition of the σ to the stem.

18 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 singular ἔλυον ἔλυες ἔλυε plural ἐλύομεν ἐλύετε ἔλυον imperfect tense stem = λυ Note the addition of the augment.

19 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 singular ἔλυσα ἔλυσας ἔλυσε plural ἐλύσαμεν ἐλύσατε ἔλυσαν Weak (1 st ) aorist tense stem = λυσ Note the addition of both the augment and the σ to the stem.

20 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 1.Masculine and feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension 2.The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) 3.Aspect in the indicative 4.Word order 5.The possessive genitive

21 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 3. Aspect in the indicative The aorist tense refers to a single past action. Think of it as action in the past that you see as a snapshot in your head. Recall that the imperfect tense refers to ongoing or repeated past action. Think of it as action in the past that you see as a moving video in your head.

22 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 Looking up a Greek verb The 1 st sg present indicative active is the first principal part of a verb –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα send

23 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 Looking up a Greek verb The 1 st sg future indicative active is the second principal part of a verb –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα send

24 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 Looking up a Greek verb The 1 st sg aorist indicative active is the third principal part of a verb –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα send

25 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 Looking up a Greek verb A verb whose third principal part ends in - ον has a strong (2 nd ) aorist (see Chap. 11) –ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον lead, bring –γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα write –διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα loose, set free –πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade –πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα send

26 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 Looking up a Greek verb Remember the rules for adding a σ (cf. chart on Shelmerdine p.2): –γράφω (φ + σ = ψ) γράψω, ἔγραψα write –διώκω (κ + σ = ξ) διώξω, ἐδίωξα pursue –λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα loose, set free –πείθω (θ + σ = σ) πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade –πέμπω (π + σ = ψ) πέμψω, ἔπεμψα send

27 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 1.Masculine and feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension 2.The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) 3.Aspect in the indicative 4.Word order 5.The possessive genitive

28 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 4. Word order While often Greek follows English word order in putting the subject first, verb second, and objects following, this is a tendency and not a rule. Continuity and emphasis determine the first and last words of a sentence most often.

29 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 4. Word order The most important word usually comes first, the second most important word last, and the remaining items in between. Importance often depends on what someone has been talking about. Continuity is most important.

30 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 4. Word order Consider the sentence –οἱ ποιηταὶ παρέχουσι τὴν τιμήν. ( “Poets provide honor.”) If you have been talking about what poets do, you might keep “poets” first, to maintain continuity about them: “It’s poets who provide honor.”

31 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 4. Word order Consider the sentence –τὴν τιμὴν οἱ ποιηταὶ παρέχουσιν. ( “Poets provide honor.”) If you have been talking about what poets provide, however, you might put “honor” first, to highlight your new topic: “Honor is another thing poets provide.”

32 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 4. Word order Consider the sentence –παρέχουσιν οἱ ποιηταὶ τὴν τιμήν. ( “Poets provide honor.”) If you have been talking about what poets do with honor, however, you might put “provide” first, to highlight the exact relationship and action: “What poets do is provide honor.”

33 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 1.Masculine and feminine nouns of the 2 nd declension 2.The aorist active indicative of thematic verbs (3 rd principal part) 3.Aspect in the indicative 4.Word order 5.The possessive genitive

34 Shelmerdine Chapter 5 5. The possessive genitive A possessive or dependent genitive must immediately follow the article of the noun it depends upon. –ἡ τοῦ κριτοῦ οἰκία The house of the judge = the judge’s house –or ἡ οἰκία ἡ τοῦ κριτοῦ