Αυτοκτονία 10 Σεπτεμβρίου Φώτου Ελένη Ψυχολόγος Υπ. Διδάκτωρ Δ.Π.Θ.

Αυτοκτονικός Ιδεασμός Παράγοντες Κινδύνου Ψυχιατρικές Διαταραχές Γεγονότα Ζωής Οικογενειακό Ιστορικό Συνωδά Συμπτώματα ….Αίσθημα Αβοηθησίας ….Αλλαγές στο Βάρος …..Αίσθημα Μοναξιάς …. Κόπωση Χαμηλή Αυτοεκτίμηση Αυξημένη Ροή Σκέψης Παγιωμένη Σκέψη/αντίληψη Διαταραχές στον Ύπνο Some symptoms or co-morbid conditions may include unintentional weight loss, feeling helpless, feeling alone, excessive fatigue, low self esteem, presence of consistent mania, excessively talkative, intent on previously dormant goals, feel like one's mind is racing.[2] The onset of symptoms like these with an inability to get rid of or cope with their effects, a possible form of psychological inflexibility, is one possible trait associated with suicidal ideation.[3] They may also cause psychological distress, which is another symptom associated with suicidal ideation.[4] Symptoms like these related with psychological inflexibility, recurring patterns, or psychological distress may in some cases lead to the onset of suicidal ideation. Other possible symptoms and warning signs include: Hopelessness Anhedonia Insomnia Depression Severe anxiety Angst Impaired concentration Psychomotor agitation Panic attack Severe remorse There are numerous indicators that one can look for when trying to detect suicidal ideation. There are also situations in which the risk for suicidal ideation may be heightened. The risk factors for suicidal ideation can be divided into 3 categories: psychiatric disorders, life events, and family history. Psychiatric disorders There are several psychiatric disorders that appear to be comorbid with suicidal ideation or considerably increase the risk of suicidal ideation.[5] The following list includes the disorders that have been shown to be the strongest predictors of suicidal ideation. It should be noted, however, that these are not the only disorders that can increase risk of suicidal ideation. The disorders in which risk is increased the greatest include:[6] Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Bipolar disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Personality disorders Psychosis (anxiety or detachment from reality) Paranoia Schizophrenia Prescription drug side effects Various prescription drugs can have suicidal ideation as a side effect, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Life events Life events are strong predictors of increased risk for suicidal ideation. Furthermore, life events can also lead to or be comorbid with the previous listed psychiatric disorders and predict suicidal ideation through those means. Life events that adults and children face can be dissimilar and for this reason, the list of events that increase risk can vary in adults and children. The life events that have been shown to increase risk the greatest are[7] Alcohol abuse Studies have shown that individuals who binge drink, rather than drink socially, tend to have higher rates of suicidal ideation[8] Certain studies associate those who experience suicidal ideation with higher alcohol consumption[3] Certain studies associate those who experience suicidal ideation with unemployment[3] Not only do some studies show that solitary binge drinking can increase suicidal ideation, but there is a positive feedback relationship causing those who have more suicidal ideation to have more drinks per day in a solitary environment[8] Loss of family and/or friends Other studies have found that tobacco use is correlated with depression and suicidal ideation[9] Unplanned pregnancy Bullying, including cyberbullying[10][11] Previous suicide attempts Having previously attempted suicide is one of the strongest indicators of future suicidal ideation or suicide attempts[8] Military experience Military personnel who show symptoms of PTSD, Major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder show higher levels of suicidal ideation[12] Community violence[13] Undesired changes in body weight[14] Women: increased BMI increases chance of suicidal ideation Men: severe decrease in BMI increases chance of suicidal ideation In general, the obese population has increased odds of suicidal ideation in relation to individuals that are of average-weight Studies have shown that exposure and attention to suicide related images/words can predict suicidal ideation[15] Family history Parents with a history of depression Valenstein et al. studied 340 adult offspring who's parents had depression in the past. They found that 7% of the offspring had suicidal ideation in the previous month alone Abuse[13] Childhood: physical abuse Adolescence: physical and sexual abuse Family violence Childhood residential instability Certain studies associate those who experience suicidal ideation with family disruption.[3] The Way Out( Suicide Ideation), George Grie 2007

Αυτοκτονία Κατηγορίες: Υποβοηθούμενη Δολοφονία-Αυτοκτονία Επιθεση- Αυτοκτονία Ομαδική Αυτοκτονία Συμφωνία Αυτοκτονίας Αυτοκτονία για Αντίσταση-Αντίδραση Αυτοκτονία Απελευθερωτική Dutiful Suicide Ορισμός: Η πράξη κατά την οποία το άτομο εσκεμμένα δίνει τέλος στη ζωή του. Απόπειρα: Η πράξη κατά την οποία το άτομο προσπαθεί εσκεμμένα να δώσει τέλος στη ζωή του Type Description Assisted suicide Individuals who wish to end their own lives may enlist the assistance of another party to achieve death. The other person, usually a family member or physician, may help carry out the act when the individual lacks the physical capacity to do so alone, even if supplied with the means. Assisted suicide is a contentious moral and political issue in many countries, as seen in the scandal surrounding Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a US medical practitioner who supported euthanasia and was convicted of having helped patients end their own lives, for which he served an eight-year prison term.[12] Murder–suicide A murder–suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other persons immediately before or at the same time as him or herself. The motivation for the murder in murder–suicide can be purely criminal in nature or be perceived by the perpetrator as an act of care for loved ones in the context of severe depression. Suicide attack A suicide attack is an act in which an attacker perpetrates an act of violence against others, typically to achieve a military or political goal, which simultaneously results in his or her own death. Suicide bombings are often regarded as an act of terrorism by the targeted community. Historical examples include the assassination of Czar Alexander II, the kamikaze attacks launched by Japanese air pilots during the Second World War, and larger scale attacks, such as the September 11th attacks. Mass suicide Some suicides are performed under social pressure or coordinated among a group of individuals. Mass suicides can take place with as few as two people, often referred to as a suicide pact. An example of a larger group is the 1978 "Jonestown" cult suicide, in which 918 members of the Peoples Temple, an American cult led by Jim Jones, ended their lives by drinking grape Flavor Aid laced with cyanide.[13][14][15] Over 10,000 Japanese civilians committed suicide in the last days of the Battle of Saipan in 1944, some jumping from "Suicide Cliff" and "Banzai Cliff".[16] Suicide pact A suicide pact describes the suicides of two or more individuals in an agreed upon plan. The plan may be to die together, or separately and closely timed. Suicide pacts are generally distinct from mass suicides in that the latter refers to a larger number of people who kill themselves together for a common ideological reason, often within a religious, political, military or paramilitary context. In contrast, suicide pacts typically involve small groups of more intimately related people (commonly spouses, romantic partners, family members, or friends), whose motivations are intensely personal and individual. Defiance or protest Suicide is sometimes committed as an act of defiance or political protest such as the suicide of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia whose treatment at the hands of the authorities led to a revolt that overthrew the ruling regime and touched off the Arab Spring. During the sectarian strife in Northern Ireland known as "The Troubles" a hunger strike was launched by the provisional IRA, demanding that their prisoners be reclassified as prisoners of war rather than as terrorists. The infamous 1981 hunger strikes, led by Bobby Sands resulted in 10 deaths. The cause of death was recorded as "starvation, self-imposed" rather than suicide by the coroner; this was modified to simply "starvation" on the death certificates after protest from the dead striker's families.[17] Dutiful suicide Dutiful suicide is an act of fatal self violence at one's own hands done in the belief that it will secure a greater good, rather than to escape harsh or impossible conditions. It can be voluntary, to relieve some dishonor or punishment, or imposed by threats of death or reprisals on one's family or reputation as in the forced suicide of German general Erwin Rommel during World War II. He was found to have foreknowledge of the July 20 Plot on Hitler's life and was threatened with public trial, execution, and reprisals on his family unless he took his own life.[18] It is a traditional practice in some cultures, such as the heavily ritualized Japanese custom of seppuku. Escape In extenuating situations where continuing to live would be intolerable, some people use suicide as a means of escape. Some inmates in Nazi concentration camps are known to have killed themselves by deliberately touching the electrified fences.[19] Over 200,000 debt-ridden farmers in India have committed suicide since 1997.[20] Edouard Μanet, The suicide, 1877-1881

Απόπειρα (Μέθοδος) Πνιγμός Iαβέρης, Les Miserables, V. Hugo Τέμνων Όργανο Ιουλιέτα, Ρωμαίος & Ιουλιέτα Ασφυξία Υποθερμία Ηλεκτροπληξία Πτώση εξ’ ύψους Πύροβόλο όπλο Kurt Cobain Απαγχονισμός Alexander McQueen Σύγκρουση με όχημα Robert Enke Δηλητηρίαση Κλεοπάτρα, Α. Χίτλερ Ασθένεια Αυτοπυρπόληση Τελετουργική Αυτοκτονία Ασιτία Αφυδάτωση Έκρηξη Επίθεση αυτοκτονίας 9/11, Columbine, Connecticut Έμμεση Αυτοκτονία Contents 1 Bleeding 1.1 Wrist cutting 2 Drowning 3 Suffocation 4 Hypothermia 5 Electrocution 6 Jumping from height 7 Firearms 8 Hanging 9 Vehicular impact 9.1 Rail 9.2 Metro systems 9.3 Traffic collisions 9.4 Aircraft 10 Poison 10.1 Pesticide 10.2 Drug overdose 10.3 Carbon monoxide 10.4 Other toxins 11 Disease 12 Immolation 12.1 Volcano 13 Ritual suicide 13.1 Seppuku 13.2 Autosacrifice 14 Starvation 15 Dehydration 16 Explosion 17 Suicide attack 18 Indirect suicide Van Gogh, Self Portrait, 1889 Καλότυχον μαχαίρι,    χώσου εδώ και σκούριαζε, και δος μου ν' αποθάνω! Ρωμαίος & Ιουλιέτα, Σέξπηρ, Πρ. V Σκ.4

Στατιστικά Στοιχεία Πηνελόπη Δέλτα 3,5 Καβάλα, 2010-2012 Τελεσθείσες 14 Απόπειρες 23 32 απόπειρες στο Γ.Ν. Καβάλας 18 γυναίκες 14 άνδρες 1,000,000 άτομα το χρόνο 123 853 ευρωπαίοι, 80% άνδρες. 15 εκ. πραγματοποιούν απόπειρα αυτοκτονίας Την απώλεια 1 εκατομμυρίου ανθρώπων κάθε χρόνο από αυτοκτονίες.[7] Περίπου 1 εκ. άνθρωποι αυτοκτονούν κάθε χρόνο παγκοσμίως ενώ περίπου 15 εκ. πραγματοποιούν απόπειρα αυτοκτονία Λιθουανία 34 Ουγγαρία Φιλανδία Ιταλία 6,5 Ισπανία 7,8 Γερμανία 12,3 Ανά 100,000 Πηγή: Αστυνομική διεύθυνση Καβάλας, 2012, Γ.Ν. Καβάλας, WHO 2012

Παρεμβάσεις Πρόληψη Επείγουσες Ιατρικές Παρεμβάσεις Ψυχιατρικές Παρεμβάσεις Νοσηλεία Φαρμακευτική Αγωγή Ψυχοθεραπεία Παρακολούθηση Πρόληψη

Πρόληψη Ενημέρωση – Εκστρατείες Ιατρική Παρακολούθηση Ομάδες Αυτοβοήθειας WHO – SUPRE Guide Έγκαιρη Παρέμβαση σε προειδοποιητικά σημάδια 􀀍􀀃 Diagnosis of depression 􀀍􀀃 Previous suicide attempt 􀀍􀀃 Family history of suicide 􀀍􀀃 Loss of job, home, money 􀀍􀀃 Death or terminal illness of a loved one 􀀍􀀃 Divorce or loss of major, significant relationship 􀀍􀀃 Loss of health, either real or imagined 􀀍􀀃 Someone close to the person has completed suicide 􀀍􀀃 Recent disappointment or rejection 􀀍􀀃 Being expelled from school/fired from job 􀀍􀀃 Sudden loss of freedom/fear of punishment 􀀍􀀃 Victim of assault or bullying

Συνέπειες Απόπειρας Ατομικό Επίπεδο Ενοχές Αίσθημα Αβοηθησίας Οικογενειακό Επίπεδο Προδοσία Θυμός Άγχος/Ανασφάλεια Σοκ Κοινωνικό Επίπεδο Στιγματισμός Αποφυγή Death of Casagemas, Pablo Picasso, 1901

Συνήθεις Διαγνώσεις Ψυχιατρικές Διαταραχές Άλλες Διαταραχές Μείζων Κατάθλιψη Δυσθυμική Διαταραχή Διπολική Διαταραχή Δ/χη Μετατραυματικού Στρες Διαταραχές Προσωπικότητας Ψύχωση Παράνοια Σχιζοφρένεια Κατάχρηση- Εξάρτηση Αλκοόλ Κατάχρηση – Εξάρτηση Ουσιών Χρόνιες Ασθένειες Καρκίνος

Απόπειρα, Κρίση και Μ.Μ.Ε 1937 Κράχ – Αύξηση Αυτοκτονιών Reuters: Συγκλονίζουν οι αυτοκτονίες στην Ελλάδα της κρίσης 1937 Κράχ – Αύξηση Αυτοκτονιών Αυξητική Τάση σε περιόδους οικονομικής Κρίσης Δραματική Αύξηση των Γεννήσεων Μετά την Κρίση ΔΙΠΛΑΣΙAΣΤΗΚΑΝ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΚΡΙΣΗ ΟΙ ΑΥΤΟΚΤΟΝΙΕΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ! H λιτότητα στέρησε τη ζωή σε 134 ανθρώπους στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα Το πιο δραματικό και σκληρό πρόσωπο δείχνει καθημερινά  η οικονομική κρίση στους πολίτες  οι οποίοι βάζουν τέλος στη ζωή τους  μη μπορώντας να ανταπεξέλθουν στη δύνη της. Read more: http://www.newsbomb.gr/koinwnia/story/259831/h-litotita-sterise-ti-zoi-se-134-anthropoys-sti-voreia-ellada#ixzz2FDz0CRda

Έφηβοι και Απόπειρες Θύματα Σχολικού Εκφοβισμού Ομοφυλοφιλία Διαταραχές στην Ταυτότητα Φύλου Παρορμητικότητα Κατάχρηση ουσιών ή/και αλκοόλ Ψυχικές Διαταραχές Πρόληψη Ιατρική Φροντίδα Οικογενειακή Στήριξη Ψυχοθεραπεία

ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩ Pablo Picasso, The Old Guitarist, 1901