Mastering NT Greek 14. Second Aorist Verbs By Ted Hildebrandt © 2003 Baker Academic.

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1 Mastering NT Greek 14. Second Aorist Verbs By Ted Hildebrandt © 2003 Baker Academic

2 2-1-2 Paradigms - Chant this 2 1 2 2 1 2 λόγος γραφή ἱ ερόν λόγος γραφή ἱ ερόν λόγου γραφ ῆ ς ἱ ερο ῦ λόγου γραφ ῆ ς ἱ ερο ῦ λόγ ῳ γραφ ῇ ἱ ερ ῷ λόγ ῳ γραφ ῇ ἱ ερ ῷ λόγον γραφήν ἱ ερόν λόγον γραφήν ἱ ερόν λόγοι γραφαί ἱ ερά λόγοι γραφαί ἱ ερά λόγων γραφ ῶ ν ἱ ερ ῶ ν λόγων γραφ ῶ ν ἱ ερ ῶ ν λόγοις γραφα ῖ ς ἱ ερο ῖ ς λόγοις γραφα ῖ ς ἱ ερο ῖ ς λόγους γραφάς ἱ ερά λόγους γραφάς ἱ ερά

3 3 rd Declension Chantables χαρίς ὄ νομα, πίστις χαρίς ὄ νομα, πίστις χάρις ὄ νομα πίστις χάρις ὄ νομα πίστις χάριτος ὀ νόματος πίστεως χάριτος ὀ νόματος πίστεως χάριτι ὀ νόματι πίστει χάριτι ὀ νόματι πίστει χάριτα ὄ νομα πίστιν χάριτα ὄ νομα πίστιν χάριτες ὀ νόματα πίστεις χάριτες ὀ νόματα πίστεις χαρίτων ὀ νομάτων πίστεων χαρίτων ὀ νομάτων πίστεων χάρισι(ν) ὀ νόμασι(ν) πίστεσι(ν) χάρισι(ν) ὀ νόμασι(ν) πίστεσι(ν) χάριτας ὀ νόματα πίστεις χάριτας ὀ νόματα πίστεις

4 PAI Verb Chant λύωλύομεν λύωλύομεν λύειςλύετε λύειςλύετε λύειλύουσι(ν) λύειλύουσι(ν)

5 The "is" verb PAI -- ε ἰ μί ε ἰ μί ἐ σμέν ε ἶ ἐ στέ ἐ στί(ν) ε ἰ σί(ν) ε ἰ μί ἐ σμέν ε ἶ ἐ στέ ἐ στί(ν) ε ἰ σί(ν)

6 Imperfect ε ἰ μί ἤ μην ἦ μεν ἦ ς ἦ τε ἦ ν ἦ σαν ἤ μην ἦ μεν ἦ ς ἦ τε ἦ ν ἦ σαν

7 Person Personal Pronoun Chant Person Personal Pronoun Chant Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom. ἐ γώ σύ ἡ με ῖ ς Nom. ἐ γώ σύ ἡ με ῖ ς Gen. μου σου ἡ μ ῶ ν Dat. μοι σοι ἡ μ ῖ ν Acc. με σε ἡ μάς Gen. μου σου ἡ μ ῶ ν Dat. μοι σοι ἡ μ ῖ ν Acc. με σε ἡ μάς α ὐ τός, α ὐ τη, α ὐ τό (he, she, it) α ὐ τός, α ὐ τη, α ὐ τό (he, she, it)

8 Present Middle/Passive Indicative λύομαι, -ομεθα - ῃ, -εσθε -εται, -ονται λύομαι, -ομεθα - ῃ, -εσθε -εται, -ονται I am loosed/am being loosed I am loosed/am being loosed I loose myself/am loosing [for myself] I loose myself/am loosing [for myself]

9 Shape of the Future in Greek λύσω λύσομεν I will loose We will loose λύσω λύσομεν I will loose We will loose λύσεις λύσετε You will loose You all will loose λύσεις λύσετε You will loose You all will loose λύσει λύσουσι(ν) S/he/it will loose They will loose λύσει λύσουσι(ν) S/he/it will loose They will loose Chant this one Chant this one

10 Future Middle Paradigm λύσομαι -όμεθα - ῃ -εσθε -εται -ονται λύσομαι -όμεθα - ῃ -εσθε -εται -ονται I will loose (for myself) We will loose (for ourselves) … I will loose (for myself) We will loose (for ourselves) …

11 Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns Summary ἐ κε ῖ νος, ἐ κείνη, ἐ κε ῖ νο = that ἐ κε ῖ νος, ἐ κείνη, ἐ κε ῖ νο = that ο ὗ τος, α ὕ τη, το ῦ το τούτου, ταύτης, τούτου = this ο ὗ τος, α ὕ τη, το ῦ το τούτου, ταύτης, τούτου = this ὅ ς ἥ ὅ = Relative (who, which) ο ὗ ἧ ς ο ὗ ὅ ς ἥ ὅ = Relative (who, which) ο ὗ ἧ ς ο ὗ

12 Imperfect Active Paradigm of λύω Chant : ἐ λυον, ν, ς, ε, μεν, τε, ν I was loosing, … Chant : ἐ λυον, ν, ς, ε, μεν, τε, ν I was loosing, …

13 Imperfect Middle/Passive (IM/PI) Chant: ἐ λυόμην ου, ετο, ομεθα, εσθε, οντο Chant: ἐ λυόμην ου, ετο, ομεθα, εσθε, οντο I was being loosed I was being loosed

14 Rapping the Lord’s Prayer Πάτερ ἡ μ ῶ ν ὁ ἐ ν το ῖ ς ο ὐ ρανο ῖ ς father our the one in heaven ἁ γιασθήτω τ ὸ ὄ νομά σου make holy name your ἁ γιασθήτω τ ὸ ὄ νομά σου make holy name your ἐ λθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου let come kingdom your ἐ λθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου let come kingdom your γενηθήτω τ ὸ θέλημά σου, let be will your γενηθήτω τ ὸ θέλημά σου, let be will your

15 English Parallels 1) Past tense in English if often formed by adding "ed" 1) Past tense in English if often formed by adding "ed" –I talk to Zach about basketball. (present) –I talked to Zach about basketball. (past) 2) Change the stem form of the verb: 2) Change the stem form of the verb: –I swim in the pool. (present) –I swam in the pool. (past) Second aorist is a shift in the stem. Second aorist is a shift in the stem.

16 The Aorist - Past tense The aorist is the most frequently used tense in the NT The aorist is the most frequently used tense in the NT The first aorist is formed by adding an augment on front and a sa in the back. The first aorist is formed by adding an augment on front and a sa in the back. The second aorist involves a stem change. The second aorist involves a stem change. Aorist is complete/whole action (it happened) as opposed to the imperfect which is process action (He loosed. He was loosing). Aorist is complete/whole action (it happened) as opposed to the imperfect which is process action (He loosed. He was loosing).

17 Second Aorist Form Stem Change Aorist Stem Change Aorist The stem change just has to be learned The stem change just has to be learned Augment + Verb Stem + CV + Secondary endings Augment + Verb Stem + CV + Secondary endings ε + λαβ + ο + ν ε + λαβ + ο + ν Connecting vowels: Connecting vowels: –ο before μ and ν –ε elsewhere

18 Augment Review 1) Before consonant = ε 1) Before consonant = ε 2) Before a vowel 2) Before a vowel –1) α and ε lengthen to η –2) ο lengthens to ω –3) ι ending a diphthong subscripts –4) υ ending a diphthong stays itself (ευ) 3) Compound verbs augments after prep. 3) Compound verbs augments after prep. – ἐ κβάλλω == ἐ ξεβάλον

19 Second Aorist Active Paradigm λαμβάνω Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 ἔ λαβον ἐ λάβομεν 1 ἔ λαβον ἐ λάβομεν –I took we took 2 ἔ λαβες ἐ λάβετε 2 ἔ λαβες ἐ λάβετε –You took You took 3 ἔ λαβε(ν) ἔ λαβον 3 ἔ λαβε(ν) ἔ λαβον –He/she/it took They took Know Chant: ἔ λαβον ν, σ, ε, μεν, τε, ν Know Chant: ἔ λαβον ν, σ, ε, μεν, τε, ν

20 Second Aorist Middle γίνομαι Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 ἐ γενόμην ἐ γενόμεθα 1 ἐ γενόμην ἐ γενόμεθα –I became we became 2 ἐ γένου ἐ γένεσθε 2 ἐ γένου ἐ γένεσθε –You became You became 3 ἐ γένετο ἐ γένοντο 3 ἐ γένετο ἐ γένοντο –He/she/it became They became Note: most "middles" are deponent Note: most "middles" are deponent Know Chant: ἐ γενόμην -ου, -ετο, -ομεθα, -εσθε, -οντο Know Chant: ἐ γενόμην -ου, -ετο, -ομεθα, -εσθε, -οντο

21 Aorist Stem Changes -- 10 to know ἔ ρχομαι == ἦ λθον (I came, went) ἔ ρχομαι == ἦ λθον (I came, went) βλέπω == ε ἶ δον (I saw) βλέπω == ε ἶ δον (I saw) λέγω == ε ἶ πον (I said) λέγω == ε ἶ πον (I said) γίνομαι == ἐ γενόμην (I became) γίνομαι == ἐ γενόμην (I became) γινώσκω == ἔ γνων (I knew) γινώσκω == ἔ γνων (I knew) ἔ χω == ἔ σχον ( I had) ἔ χω == ἔ σχον ( I had) λαμβάνω == ἔ λαβον (I took) λαμβάνω == ἔ λαβον (I took) ε ὑ ρίσκω == ε ὗ ρον (I found) ε ὑ ρίσκω == ε ὗ ρον (I found)

22 Aorist Stem Changes -- 10 to know ἀ πέρχομαι == ἀ π ῆ λθον (I departed) ἀ πέρχομαι == ἀ π ῆ λθον (I departed) ε ἰ έρχομαι == ε ἰ σ ῆ λθον (I entered) ε ἰ έρχομαι == ε ἰ σ ῆ λθον (I entered) ἐ ξέρχομαι == ἐ ξ ῆ λθον (I went out) ἐ ξέρχομαι == ἐ ξ ῆ λθον (I went out) ἀ ποθν ῄ σκω == ἀ πέθανον (I died) ἀ ποθν ῄ σκω == ἀ πέθανον (I died) βάλλω == ἔ βαλον (I threw) βάλλω == ἔ βαλον (I threw)

23 Chapter 14 Vocabulary α ἶ μα, -ματος, τό α ἶ μα, -ματος, τό blood blood

24 Chapter 14 Vocabulary α ἴ ρω α ἴ ρω I raise, take up I raise, take up

25 Chapter 14 Vocabulary διδάσκω διδάσκω I teach I teach

26 Chapter 14 Vocabulary ἴ διος, -α, -ον ἴ διος, -α, -ον one's own one's own

27 Chapter 14 Vocabulary καλός, -ή, -όν καλός, -ή, -όν good good

28 Chapter 14 Vocabulary μέλλω μέλλω I am about to, intend I am about to, intend

29 Chapter 14 Vocabulary ὁ δός, -ο ῦ, ἡ ὁ δός, -ο ῦ, ἡ way way

30 Chapter 14 Vocabulary πολύς, πολλή, πολύ πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many much, many

31 Chapter 14 Vocabulary σ ῶ μα, -ματος, τό σ ῶ μα, -ματος, τό body body

32 Chapter 14 Vocabulary ψυχή, - ῆ ς, ἡ ψυχή, - ῆ ς, ἡ soul, life soul, life

33 2 nd Aorist Bad Boys ἦ λθον ἦ λθον – ἔ ρχομαι (I came, went) ε ἶ δον ε ἶ δον –βλέπω (I saw) ε ἶ πον ε ἶ πον –λέγω (I said) ἐ γενόμην ἐ γενόμην –γίνομαι (I became)

34 2 nd Aorist Bad Boys ἔ γνων ἔ γνων –γινώσκω (I knew) ἔ σχον ἔ σχον – ἔ χω ( I had) ἔ λαβον ἔ λαβον – λαμβάνω (I took) ε ὗ ρον ε ὗ ρον –ε ὑ ρίσκω (I found)

35 Quick Vocabulary Review

36 Ch. 1 -- Vocabulary angel, messenger ἄ γγελος, -ου, ὁ verily, truly ἀ μήν man, humankind ἄ νθρωπος, -ου, ὁ I ἐ γώ ἐ γώGod θεός, -ο ῦ, ὁ

37 Ch. 1 -- Vocabulary and, also, even καίheart καρδία, -ας, ἡ I say I sayλέγωprophet προφήτης, -ου, ὁ Christ, Messiah Χριστός, -ο ῦ, ὁ

38 Ch. 2 -- Vocabulary brother brother ἀ δελφός, -ο ῦ, ὁ ἀ δελφός, -ο ῦ, ὁ I hear, obey I hear, obey ἀ κούω ἀ κούω glory, fame glory, fame δόξα, -ης, ἡ δόξα, -ης, ἡ I have I have ἔ χω ἔ χω world world κόσμος, -ου, ὁ κόσμος, -ου, ὁ

39 Ch. 2 -- Vocabulary Lord, sir Lord, sir κύριος, -ου, ὁ κύριος, -ου, ὁ word word λόγος, -ου, ὁ λόγος, -ου, ὁ Peter Peter Π ἑ τρος, -ου, ὁ Π ἑ τρος, -ου, ὁ son son υ ἱ ός, -ο ῦ, ὁ υ ἱ ός, -ο ῦ, ὁ Pharisee Pharisee Φαρισα ῖ ος, -ου, ὁ Φαρισα ῖ ος, -ου, ὁ

40 Ch. 3 -- Vocabulary but, yet but, yet ἀ λλ ἀ ἀ λλ ἀ apostle, sent one apostle, sent one ἀ πόστολος, -ου, ὁ ἀ πόστολος, -ου, ὁ I see I see βλέπω βλέπω for, then for, then γάρ γάρ I know I know γινώσκω γινώσκω

41 Ch. 3 -- Vocabulary Jesus Jesus Ἰ ησο ῦ ς, -ο ῦ, ὁ Ἰ ησο ῦ ς, -ο ῦ, ὁ I take, receive I take, receive λαμβάνω λαμβάνω I loose I loose λύω λύω heaven heaven ο ὐ ρανός, -ο ῦ, ὁ ο ὐ ρανός, -ο ῦ, ὁ I believe I believe πιστεύω πιστεύω

42 Ch. 4 -- Vocabulary I love ἀ γαπάω ἀ γαπάω I write γράφω γράφω but, and δέ δέ servant, slave δο ῦ λος, -ου, ὁ δο ῦ λος, -ου, ὁ I find ε ὑ ρίσκω ε ὑ ρίσκω

43 Ch. 4 -- Vocabulary temple ἱ ερόν, -ο ῦ, τό ἱ ερόν, -ο ῦ, τό People People λαός, -ο ῦ, ὁ λαός, -ο ῦ, ὁ law law νόμος, -ου, ὁ νόμος, -ου, ὁhouse ο ἶ κος, -ου, ὁ ο ἶ κος, -ου, ὁ as, about, how ὡ ς ὡ ς

44 Ch. 5 -- Vocabulary love ἀ γάπη, -ης, ἡ ἀ γάπη, -ης, ἡtruth ἀ λήθεια, -ας, ἡ ἀ λήθεια, -ας, ἡsin ἁ μαρτία, -ας, ἡ ἁ μαρτία, -ας, ἡkingdom βασιλεία, -ας, ἡ βασιλεία, -ας, ἡ writing, Scripture γραφή, - ῆ ς, ἡ γραφή, - ῆ ς, ἡ

45 Ch. 5 -- Vocabulary I raise up ἐ γείρω ἐ γείρω assembly, church ἐ κκλησία, -ας, ἡ ἐ κκλησία, -ας, ἡwork ἔ ργον, -ου, τό ἔ ργον, -ου, τόdisciple μαθητής, -ο ῦ, ὁ μαθητής, -ο ῦ, ὁHour ὥ ρα, -ας, ἡ ὥ ρα, -ας, ἡ

46 Chapter 6 Vocabulary ἀ πό (Gen.) ἀ πό (Gen.) –from διά (Gen.) διά (Gen.) –through διά (Acc.) διά (Acc.) –on account of ε ἰ ς (Acc.) ε ἰ ς (Acc.) –into

47 Chapter 6 Vocabulary ἐ κ (Gen.) ἐ κ (Gen.) –out of, from ἐ ν (Dat.) ἐ ν (Dat.) –in ἐ πί (Gen.) ἐ πί (Gen.) –on, over ἐ πί (Dat.) ἐ πί (Dat.) –on, at, against, on the basis of

48 Chapter 6 Vocabulary ἐ πί (Acc.) ἐ πί (Acc.) –on, to, toward, against κατά (Gen.) κατά (Gen.) –down, against κατά (Acc.) κατά (Acc.) –according to μετά (Gen.) μετά (Gen.) –with

49 Chapter 6 Vocabulary μετά (Acc.) μετά (Acc.) –after, behind περί (Gen.) περί (Gen.) –about, concerning περί (Acc.) περί (Acc.) –around, near πρός (Acc.) πρός (Acc.) –to

50 Vocabulary -- Ch. 7 good ἀ γαθός, -ή, -όν ἀ γαθός, -ή, -όν Holy Holy ἅ γιος, -α, -ον ἅ γιος, -α, -ονrighteous δίκαιοις, -α, -ον δίκαιοις, -α, -ον

51 Vocabulary – Ch. 7 I am ε ἰ μί ε ἰ μί Jewish, a Jew Jewish, a Jew Ἰ ουδα ῖ ος, -α, -ον Ἰ ουδα ῖ ος, -α, -ον Great Great μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα

52 Vocabulary -- Ch. 7 dead dead νεκρός, -ά, -όν νεκρός, -ά, -όν no, not no, not ο ὐ, ο ὐ κ, ο ὐ χ ο ὐ, ο ὐ κ, ο ὐ χ first first πρ ῶ τος, -η, -ον πρ ῶ τος, -η, -ον voice voice φωνή, - ῆ ς, ἡ φωνή, - ῆ ς, ἡ

53 he/she/it he/she/it –α ὐ τός, -ή, -ό land, earth, region land, earth, region –γ ῆ, - ῆ ς, ἡ I, we I, we – ἐ γώ, ἡ με ῖ ς day day – ἡ μέρα, -ας, ἡ that, so that that, so that – ὅ τι Vocabulary Ch. 8

54 so, then, therefore so, then, therefore –οὖν–οὖν–οὖν–οὖν crowd crowd – ὄ χλος, -ου, ὁ from from –παρά (with Gen.) beside, with beside, with –παρά (with Dat.) alongside, beside alongside, beside –παρά (with Acc.) Vocabulary Ch. 8

55 you / you (pl) you / you (pl) –σύ / ὑ με ῖ ς by, at the hands of by, at the hands of – ὑ πό (with Gen.) under, below under, below – ὑ πό (with Acc.) Vocabulary Ch. 8

56 I answer I answer – ἀ ποκρίνομαι I send I send – ἀ ποστέλλω I throw I throw – βάλλω I become I become – γίνομαι I come in I come in –ε ἰ σέρχομαι Vocabulary Ch. 9

57 I go out I go out – ἐ ξέρχομαι I come/go I come/go – ἔ ρχομαι I wish I wish – θέλω thus, so thus, so – ο ὕ τως I go I go – πορεύομαι Vocabulary Ch. 9

58 life life –ζωή, - ῆ ς, ἡ death death –θάνατος, -ου, ὁ I judge I judge –κρίνω I remain I remain –μένω only, alone only, alone –μόνος, -η, -ον Vocabulary Ch. 10

59 now now –νῦν–νῦν–νῦν–νῦν and not, nor and not, nor –ο ὐ δέ Paul Paul –Πα ῦ λος I save I save –σ ῴ ζω then then –τότε Vocabulary Ch. 10

60 Chapter 11 Vocabulary ἀ πέρχομαι ἀ πέρχομαι – I go away, leave ἐ κε ῖ νος ἐ κε ῖ νος –that Ἰ ουδα ῖ ος, -α, -ον Ἰ ουδα ῖ ος, -α, -ον –Jewish καθώς καθώς –as, just as

61 Chapter 11 Vocabulary ὅ ς, ἥ, ὅ ὅ ς, ἥ, ὅ –who, which ὅ ταν ὅ ταν –when πάλιν πάλιν –again ο ὗ τος, α ὗ τη, το ῦ το ο ὗ τος, α ὗ τη, το ῦ το –this

62 Chapter 11 Vocabulary Πέτρος, -ου, ὁ Πέτρος, -ου, ὁ –Peter ὑ πέρ ὑ πέρ –for, about (gen.) –above, beyond (acc.)

63 Chapter 11 Vocabulary ὑ πέρ ὑ πέρ –for, about (gen.) –above, beyond (acc.)

64 Chapter 12 Vocabulary ἀ ποθν ῄ σκω ἀ ποθν ῄ σκω –I die ἐ κε ῖ ἐ κε ῖ – there ἕ ως ἕ ως –until ἰ δού ἰ δού –behold

65 Chapter 12 Vocabulary ἵ να ἵ να in order that, that in order that, that Ἰ ωάννης, -ου, ὁ Ἰ ωάννης, -ου, ὁ –John μέν μέν –on the one hand, indeed ὅ λος, -η, -ον ὅ λος, -η, -ον –whole, entire

66 Chapter 12 Vocabulary ὅ τε ὅ τε –when σύν σύν –with

67 Chapter 13 Vocabulary ἀ νήρ, ἀ νδρός, ὁ ἀ νήρ, ἀ νδρός, ὁ »man, husband βασιλεύς, - ἐ ως, ὁ βασιλεύς, - ἐ ως, ὁ »king δύναμις, -εως, ἡ δύναμις, -εως, ἡ »power, miracle ὄ νομα, -ματος, τό ὄ νομα, -ματος, τό »name π ᾶ ς, π ᾶ σα, π ᾶ ν π ᾶ ς, π ᾶ σα, π ᾶ ν »each, every, all

68 Chapter 13 Vocabulary πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ »father πιστις, πίστεως, ἡ πιστις, πίστεως, ἡ »faith, belief πνε ῦ μα, -ατος, τό πνε ῦ μα, -ατος, τό »spirit, wind σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ »flesh, body χάρις, -ιτος, ἡ χάρις, -ιτος, ἡ »grace, kindness

69 Aorist Bad Boys ἔ σχον ἔ σχον ἔ χω ( I had) ἔ χω ( I had) ἦ λθον ἦ λθον ἔ ρχομαι (I came, went) ἔ ρχομαι (I came, went) ε ἶ πον ε ἶ πον λέγω (I said) λέγω (I said) ἀ π ῆ λθον ἀ π ῆ λθον ἀ πέρχομαι (I departed) ἀ πέρχομαι (I departed)

70 Aorist Bad Boys ἔ γνων ἔ γνων γινώσκω (I knew) γινώσκω (I knew) ἔ λαβον ἔ λαβον λαμβάνω (I took) λαμβάνω (I took) ε ἶ δον ε ἶ δον βλέπω (I saw) βλέπω (I saw) ἀ π ῆ λθον ἀ π ῆ λθον ἀ πέρχομαι (I departed) ἀ πέρχομαι (I departed)

71 Aorist Bad Boys ε ἰ σ ῆ λθον ε ἰ σ ῆ λθον ε ἰ σέρχομαι (I entered) ε ἰ σέρχομαι (I entered) ἐ ξ ῆ λθον ἐ ξ ῆ λθον ἐ ξέρχομαι (I went out) ἐ ξέρχομαι (I went out) ἀ πέθανον ἀ πέθανον ἀ ποθν ῄ σκω (I died) ἀ ποθν ῄ σκω (I died) ε ὗ ρον ε ὗ ρον ε ὑ ρίσκω (I found) ε ὑ ρίσκω (I found)

72 Aorist Bad Boys ἔ βαλον ἔ βαλον βάλλω (I threw) βάλλω (I threw)