C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 4.

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1 C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 4

2 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article 2.Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension 3.Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 4.Some uses of the definite article 5.Verbs taking genitive or dative

3 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article 2.Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension 3.Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 4.Some uses of the definite article 5.Verbs taking genitive or dative

4 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article Recall the feminine forms of the article: singular Nom. ἡ Gen. τῆς Dat. τῇ Acc. τήν plural Nom. αἱ Gen. τῶν Dat. ταῖς Acc. τάς The vocative never uses a definite article, but ὦ regularly precedes a noun in the vocative.

5 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article This chapter introduces the masculine forms: singular Nom. ὁ Gen. τοῦ Dat. τῷ Acc. τόν plural Nom. οἱ Gen. τῶν Dat. τοῖς Acc. τούς The vocative never uses a definite article, but ὦ regularly precedes a noun in the vocative.

6 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article This chapter also shows the neuter forms, which differ from the masculine only in the nominative and accusative (see Chapter 6): singular Nom. τό Gen. τοῦ Dat. τῷ Acc. τό plural Nom. τά Gen. τῶν Dat. τοῖς Acc. τά The vocative never uses a definite article, but ὦ regularly precedes a noun in the vocative.

7 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article 2.Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension 3.Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 4.Some uses of the definite article 5.Verbs taking genitive or dative

8 Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension Masculine nouns differ in the singular from feminine nouns in that they use - ης in the nominative, - ου in the genitive and – α in the vocative. Otherwise, they appear like τιμή “honor.” Hence κριτής “judge” plural Nom. κριταί Gen. κριτῶν Dat. κριταῖς Acc. κριτάς Voc. = Nom. singular Nom. κριτής Gen. κριτοῦ Dat. κριτῇ Acc. κριτήν Voc. κριτά

9 Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension Masculine nouns follow the rule that if a stem ends in ε, ι, or ρ, then a long α replaces the η (cf. χώρα “country”), but such nouns are very rare, and νεανίας “young man” is the only such noun in your Core Vocabulary: singular Nom. νεανίας Gen. νεανίου Dat. νεανίᾳ Acc. νεανίαν Voc. νεανία plural Nom. νεανίαι Gen. νεανιῶν Dat. νεανίαις Acc. νεανίας Voc. = Nom.

10 Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension Masculine nouns follow exactly the same accent rules as feminine nouns. Accents are persistent and may begin on the antepenult, penult or ultima. The α in the vocative is short (but the α in the vocative of νεανίας “young man” is long!). Masculine names in this declension can have different vocative forms.

11 Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension The masculine forms of the definite article will accompany masculine nouns, even though their endings are different: plural οἱ κριταί τῶν κριτῶν τοῖς κριταῖς τοὺς κριτάς singular ὁ κριτής τοῦ κριτοῦ τῷ κριτῇ τὸν κριτήν

12 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article 2.Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension 3.Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 4.Some uses of the definite article 5.Verbs taking genitive or dative

13 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 parse/parsing 1 st, 2 nd or 3 RD PERSON SINGULAR or PLURAL PRESENT, IMPERFECT, or FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE

14 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 singular - ον (I) - ες (you) - ε (s/he, it) plural - ομεν (we) - ετε (you, y’all) - ον (they) the endings for the imperfect (also known as secondary endings)

15 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) The imperfect (in fact, any secondary tense in the indicative mood) also adds an augment to the beginning of the stem. This augment appears as an ἐ- attached to the beginning of the stem –Present: λυ- –imperfect: ἐλυ-

16 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 singular λύ ω (I loose) λύ εις (you loose) λύ ει (s/he, it looses) plural λύ ομεν (we loose) λύ ετε (you, y’all loose) λύ ουσι (they loose) present tense present stem = λυ

17 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 singular ἔλυον ἔλυες ἔλυε plural ἐλύομεν ἐλύετε ἔλυον imperfect tense stem = λυ Notice how the accent rules make the accent shift.

18 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) The imperfect tense refers to ongoing or repeated past action. Think of it as action in the past that you see as a moving video in your head.

19 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) English can convey the idea of the imperfect tense in several ways: –“I was going” (standard default translation) –“I used to go” –“I tried to go” (called conative) –“I began to go” (called inchoative)

20 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) Thus you can translate a Greek imperfect verb in several ways: –ὁ νεανίας ἐδίωκε τὴν ἅμιλλαν. “The young man was pursuing the wagon.” “The young man used to pursue the wagon.” “The young man tried to pursue the wagon.” “The young man began to pursue the wagon.”

21 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) Context and what sounds natural in English should guide your translation: –οἱ πολῖται ἐθεράπευον τὴν θεάν. “The citizens used to worship the goddess” (but not anymore) “The citizens were worshiping the goddess” (while something else was happening)

22 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) Context and what sounds natural in English should guide your translation: –οἱ πολῖται ἔπειθον τὸν κριτήν. “The citizens tried to persuade the judge” (but never did) “The citizens were busy persuading the judge” (while something else was happening)

23 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article 2.Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension 3.Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 4.Some uses of the definite article 5.Verbs taking genitive or dative

24 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 4. Some uses of the definite article Greek uses the article in some places where English does not use “the”: –As a possessive, where the item belongs to the subject: –ἄγει τὴν στρατιάν. “He leads his army.”

25 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 4. Some uses of the definite article Greek uses the article in some places where English does not use “the”: –To indicate a class or type: –οἱ ποιηταὶ παρέχουσι τὴν τιμήν. “Poets provide honor.”

26 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 4. Some uses of the definite article Greek uses the article in some places where English does not use “the”: –with abstract nouns: –ἡ δικαιοσύνη παρέχει τὴν εἰρήνην. “Justice causes peace.”

27 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 4. Some uses of the definite article Greek uses the article in some places where English does not use “the”: –with proper nouns: –ἡ Ἀθήνη. “Athena” –αἱ Ἀθῆναι. “Athens”

28 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 1.The paradigm of the definite article 2.Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension 3.Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 4.Some uses of the definite article 5.Verbs taking genitive or dative

29 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 5. Verbs taking genitive or dative Unless indicated otherwise, a Greek verb takes its object in the accusative case. Some verbs take other cases, however: –βασιλεύει τῆς χώρας. “He is king of the country.” –πιστεύουσι τῇ θεᾷ. “They trust (put their trust in) the goddess.”

30 Shelmerdine Chapter 4 5. Verbs taking genitive or dative If a verb takes its object in the genitive or dative, the vocabulary entry will indicate it: –βασιλεύω (+ gen.) be king, reign –πιστεύω (+ dat.) trust, believe Otherwise, assume the verb takes its objects in the accusative