Παγκοσμιοποίηση και Εκπαίδευση

Παγκοσμιοποίηση Υφίσταται πράγματι η παγκοσμιοποίηση Είναι νέο ή παλαιό φαινόμενο; Είναι τα ανθρώπινα όντα παρόμοια, παντού; Βιώνουμε πράγματι την έναρξη μιας νέας εποχής και το τέλος του εθνικού κράτους; Εναν ‘παγκόσμιο πολιτισμό;’

Πότε ‘συμβαίνει’ η παγκοσμιοποίηση Τέλος του ψυχρού πολέμου Το τέλος του υπαρκτού σοσιαλισμού και οι μεταβατικές κοινωνίες της ανατολικής Ευρώπης Η μεταβιομηχανική εποχή

Πως γίνεται αντιληπτή η παγκοσμιοποίηση Global flows > αγαθών υπηρεσιών, κεφαλαίων, προσώπων σημείων και συμβόλων Παγκόσμια παραγωγή και διάδοση της γνώσης Νέα συνθήκη όπου οι συνέπειες ενός γεγονότος ξεπερνούν κατά πολύ το χώρο στον οποίο αυτό συμβαίνει

Οικονομική πλευρά της παγκοσμιοποίησης Έκρηξη παγκόσμιου εμπορίου (μεγαλύτερη από την belle époque period ?) (D. Held & A McGrew, 2002; Held & McGrew, 2000; Hobsbawm, 1962, 1987, 1994). Πρόκειται γιά μύθο; (Held & McGrew 2002), «enhancement of global interdependence», Continuity, rather than a new stage of capitalism? (while the real political agenda is that of a creation of a global market which enhances capitalism and generates Americanization and neoliberal policy). growing linkage between different national economies and societies. For those who see the historical argument as inadequate to explain the present, globalisation is not a synonym for imperialism. While imperialism has been considered as a political, geographical and economic expansion that led to internationalisation, globalisation affects the whole range of human activity, within and beyond the boundaries of the nation-state (Kotzias, 2003).

Οικονομική πλευρά της παγκοσμιοποίησης Νέος διεθνής καταμερισμός της εργασίας (Castells) International organisation of production, distribution and consumption; the increasing importance of economic and trade related issues in international affairs. Classic examples of the globalisation of production, distribution and consumption are training shoes or cars and University markets.

Time-space compression Global Village ‘I want to suggest that we have been experiencing … an intense phase of time-space compression that has had a disorienting and disruptive impact upon political- economic practices, the balance of class power, as well as upon cultural and social life’ … the transition [from Fordism] to flexible accumulation was in part accomplished through the rapid deployment of new organizational forms and new technologies in production. Accelerating turnover time in production entails parallel accelerations in exchange and consumption. Improved systems of communication and information flow, coupled with rationalizations in techniques of distribution made it possible to circulate commodities through the market systems with greater speed’ (Harvey, 1989 p.284).

The new social geography of difference ‘some initiate flows and movement, others don’t; some are more at the receiving end of it than others; some are effectively imprisoned by it’ (Massey, D. 1993). Information and communication technologies are key components to the network society but at the same time they are polarising the world into the connected and the isolated.

Τεχνολογικές προϋποθέσεις Knowledge Economy ICT technology and programmes, pharmaceuticals, military technology, aerospace, materials technology and nanotechnology, genetic engineering. international legal services (almost exclusively based on the eastern seaboard of the USA) (Gabel & Bruner, 2003), fashion and design (one of the UK’s most economically significant exports to Japan), music, television and film, marketing and advertising, university level education (Davis, 2003)

United Nations “Geography divides Thailand has more cellular phones than Africa. South Asia home to 23 per cent of the world’s population has less than 1 per cent of Internet users. Education is a ticket to the network high society. Globally, 30 per cent of users had at least one university degree. Income buys access. To purchase a computer would cost the average Bangladeshi more than eight years income, the average American, just one month’s wage. Men and youth dominate. Women make up just 17 per cent of the Internet users in Japan, only 7 per cent in China. Most users in China and the United Kingdom are under 30. English talks. English prevails in almost 80% of all websites. Yet less than one in 10 people worldwide speaks it” (UNDP, 1999 p.346).

Πολιτικές συνέπειες της παγκοσμιοποίησης Νέες μορφές και επίπεδα διακυβέρνησης the suprastate (such as the UN system, the OECD, the World Bank or the IMF), the regional, such as the EU, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Southern Common Market in Latin America (MERCOSUR), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) the transnational (i.e. the TNCs or the anti-globalisation movement); the sub-state (such as local government or corporate interests); in some contexts the sub-state is of high visibility as the power of nationalism provokes division in Spain, Belgium, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Chechnya, Iraq, East Timor and the United Kingdom

Η δυναμική της παγκοσμιοποίησης Giddens: Globalisation is a dialectical process because it does not bring about a generalised set of changes acting in a uniform direction, but consists in mutually opposed tendencies Universalism versus particularisation Homogenisation vs. differentiation Integration vs fragmentation Centralisation vs decentralisation Juxtaposition vs syncretisation

Η παγκοσμιοποίηση δεν λειτουργεί προς μία μόνο κατεύθυνση: η αναβίωση των εθνοτικών κινημάτων Mathews says that “within hours after the Chiapas rebellion in Southern Mexico in January 1994, the Internet swarmed with messages from human right activists. The worldwide media attention they and their groups focused on Chiapas, along with the influx of rights activists to the area, sharply limited the Mexican government’s response. What in other times would have been a bloody insurgency turned out to be a largely nonviolent conflict. ‘The shots lasted ten days’ Jose Angel Gurria, Mexico’s foreign minister, later remarked, ‘and ever since, the war has been... a war on the Internet’” (Mathews, 1998 p.96).

Πολιτισμικές συνέπειες Κυριαρχία Αγγλικής Γλώσσας Επιλογή πολιτισμικών αγαθών: Αμερικανοποίηση της αισθητικής, της μόδας, της γεύσης, του τρόπου ζωής McDonaldisation Ομογενοποίηση vs ethnic

Παγκοσμιοποίηση & Εκπαίδευση  Education and training as an instrumental part of economic policy:  Education as a marketable commodity and the commodification of knowledge:  The growth of scrutiny institutions and the homogenisation of testing at an international level:  Dominance of English language  Curriculum reform and “valuable knowledge”  The introduction of entrepreneurial culture in school and universities  Devolution of power and increasing decentralisation in education institutions  Universities and research are becoming increasingly important