Class IIIa Prepositions and “to be” © Dr. Esa Autero GRE 4220 Beginning Greek I Class IIIa Prepositions and “to be” © Dr. Esa Autero

Prepositions and “to be” 1.1 Prepositions in English Prepositions: Indicates the relationship of two words in a sentence Indicate direction of action Indicate location of action Ex. In English The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is under him (NOTE: objective)

Prepositions and “to be” How do you say in English? “The professor is him” OR “The professor is he” “to be” tells something about the subject (not direct object)  Predicate nominative

Prepositions and “to be” 1.2 Prepositions in Greek A Greek preposition can be used with one, two, or three different case endings The meaning of a prep. depends on the case of its object διὰ + gen.  through διὰ + acc.  because of

Prepositions and “to be” Translation: ὁ λόγος ἔρχεται εἰς τὸν κόσμον The word goes into the world ὁ λόγος / ἔρχεται / εἰς τὸν κόσμον ὁ λόγος ἔρχεται εἰς κόσμον  The Greek sentence often does not have the article.

Prepositions and “to be” Preposition that is attached to a verb = compound verb βλέπω + διά  διαβλέπω Meaning of the verb changes (usually intensifies) βλέπω – I see διαβλέπω – I see through Cf. English – House burns; house burns up

Prepositions and “to be”

Prepositions and “to be”

Prepositions and “to be” Elision: A preposition drops the final vowel before a word beginning with vowel μετὰ αὐτον  μετ΄ αὐτόν -- with him μετὰ ἡμῶν  μεθ΄ ἡμῶν -- with us  No need to memorize – just be aware

Prepositions and “to be” 2.1 Greek Verb Basics Greek verb: stem + personal ending λυ- (Pres. Stem) + -ω (personal ending)  λύω (pres. act. indic. sg. 1)

Prepositions and “to be” Basic Greek Verb paradigm (Present indicative) Singular Plural λύω I loose λύομεν We loose λύεις You loose λύετε λύει He/she/it looses λύουσιν They loose

Prepositions and “to be”  This chart needs to be memorized! (p. 59) εἰμί “To be” Sg. 1 I am Sg. 2 εἶ You are Sg. 3 ἐστίν He/she/it is Pl. 1 ἐσμέν We are Pl. 2 ἐστέ Pl. 3 εἰσίν They are

Prepositions and “to be” In-class practice Workbook p. 19

Class IIIb adjectives © Dr. Esa Autero GRE 4220 Beginning Greek I Class IIIb adjectives © Dr. Esa Autero

Adjectives 1. Adjective in English Adjective is a word that modifies a noun (or another adjective) A good book 1.1 Use of adjectives in English: Adjectivally (attribute and predicate) Substantivally

Adjectives Adjectivally: Attributive adjective He is a good student Predicate adjective (adjective after the verb) The student is good  Notice the position of the verb in relation to the adjective

Adjectives Substantively (as if the adjective were a noun) The good need not bother but the evil are welcome . Out with the old and in with the new. Phrases that function adjectivally The man on the street is walking away (prepositional phrase) Sitting on the dock is great relaxation (phrase)

Adjectives 2.1 Adjectives in Greek Basic concepts: Adjectives are used to modify nouns (like in English) Greek adjectives have (like nouns): Gender (masc., fem., neut.) Number (Sg./Pl.) Case (Nom., Gen., Dat., Acc.)

Adjectives ἀγαθός- ή –όν (good) Adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in: Gender Number Case ἡ ἀγαθὴ ἐκκλησία (The good church) ἀγαθός- ή –όν (good) ἡ ἐκκλησία -ας (church)  The noun and the adjective are feminine, singular, nominative Masc. – Fem. – Neut. ἀγαθός- ή –όν (good)

Adjectives ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἀδελφός βλέπω τὸν πιστὸν ἀδελφόν The good brother  ὁ ἀδελφός and ἀγαθὸς are both masc., sg., nom. βλέπω τὸν πιστὸν ἀδελφόν I see the faithful brother πιστός and ὁ ἀδελφός must be in accusative case

ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν ἀγαθοί ἀγαθαί ἀγαθά Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν Gen. ἀγαθοῦ ἀγαθῆς Dat. ἀγαθῷ ἀγαθῇ Ac. ἀγαθήν [Voc. ἀγαθέ ἀγαθόν] Plural ἀγαθοί ἀγαθαί ἀγαθά ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθοῖς ἀγαθαῖς ἀγαθούς ἀγαθάς Voc. --

δίκαιος δικαία δίκαιον δίκαιοι δίκαιαι δίκαια Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. δίκαιος δικαία δίκαιον Gen. δικαιοῦ δικαίας Dat. δικαιῶ δικαίᾳ δίκαιῳ Acc. δικαίαν [Voc. δίκαιε δίκαιον] Plural δίκαιοι δίκαιαι δίκαια δικαίων δικαίοις δικαίαις δίκαιους Voc. --

Article in front of adjective is attributive Adjectives Article in front of adjective is attributive 2.2 The use of the adjectives Attributive use (i.e. “a good boy”) The adjective attributes a quality to the noun Two possible positions of the adjective ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος OR ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθός “The good word” in both cases The first example places more emphasis on the adjective  When the article precedes the adjective, translate attributively

Adjectives Predicative use (i.e. “The boy is good”) The adjective makes an assertion about the noun Two possible positions of the adjective ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός OR ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος “The word (is) good” in both cases The verb “is” is implied in the construction Noun + predicate adjective  complete sentence  Article does not immediately precede the adjective

Adjectives Substantive use (i.e. “The good”) The adjective functions as a noun Some examples ὁ ἀγαθός ἡ ἀγαθή οἱ ἀγαθοί οἱ νεκροί “The good man” “The good woman” “The good people” “dead people” The article can also be used substantively ὁ ταῖς τά “the man” “to the women” “the things”

Adjectives Absence of the article No article before noun or the adjective Attribute or predicate? ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος - “A good man” OR “A man is good” ἄνθρωπος ἀγαθός - “A good man” OR “A man is good”  Both translations are correct  Context becomes the guide to translation

Adjectives Summary of Adjectives ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος OR ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθὸς Gk. construction Translations Attributive position ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος OR ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθὸς The good word Predicate position ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός OR ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος The word (is) good Substantive position ἡ ἀγαθή OR ὁ ἀγαθός The good (woman) The good (man)

αἰώνιος, -ον --- Eternal Adjectives Using Lexicons (and vocabulary in the textbook) Dictionary indicates inflection pattern of adjectives Nominative: masc., fem., neut. forms + translation  Deduce other cases Masculine Feminine Neuter Translation ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν ---- Love ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν Love Masculine/feminine αἰώνιος, -ον --- Eternal αἰώνιος αἰώνιον Eternal

Adjectives Does it make any difference? καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ. (Matt 6:13) “…deliver us from evil.” (Matt 6:13, KJV) “…deliver us from the evil one.” (Matt 6:13, NIV)  What is the difference? Any theological implications?

Adjectives καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ. “…deliver us from evil.” (Matt 6:13, KJV) “…deliver us from the evil one.” (Matt 6:13, NIV) Adjective – attributive, predicate or substantive? Article τοῦ indicates that it is substantive  God protects form the Devil - not from all evil and harm

Adjectives In-class practice Homework Exam I in two weeks! p. 23 p. 21, no: 7, 10 p. 25, no: 7-10 Exam I in two weeks!