C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 12.

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2 C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 12

3 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1.3 rd declension nouns: stems in –ν 2.More uses of the article 3.Compounds of εἰμί, ‘be’ 4.Conditions 5.Simple conditions 6.Contrary-to-fact conditions

4 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1.3 rd declension nouns: stems in –ν 2.More uses of the article 3.Compounds of εἰμί, ‘be’ 4.Conditions 5.Simple conditions 6.Contrary-to-fact conditions

5 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1. 3 rd declension nouns: stems in -ν Recall that the combination νσ is generally forbidden in Greek. Consequently, in the nominative singular the - ς disappears and the preceding vowel lengthens to make up for the lost - ς (ο  ω, ε  η). In the dative plural, the ν disappears instead, with no compensatory lengthening.

6 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1. 3 rd declension nouns: stems in –ν Thus the forms of ἡγεμών, ἡγεμόνος ὁ “leader” singular Nom. ἡγεμών Gen. ἡγεμόνος Dat. ἡγεμόνι Acc. ἡγεμόνα Voc. = nom. plural Nom. ἡγεμόνες Gen. ἡγεμόνων Dat. ἡγεμόσι Acc. ἡγεμόνας Voc. = nom. nom. sg.: ἡγεμονς  ἡγεμων dat. pl.: ἡγεμονσι  ἡγεμοσι

7 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1.3 rd declension nouns: stems in –ν 2.More uses of the article 3.Compounds of εἰμί, ‘be’ 4.Conditions 5.Simple conditions 6.Contrary-to-fact conditions

8 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 2. More uses of the article Because the article by itself establishes attributive position, the noun it agrees with might be omitted. In such cases, the gender of the article provides a clue about the missing noun: –masculine  man, men, people –feminine  woman, women –neuter  thing, things

9 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 2. More uses of the article Because the article by itself establishes attributive position, the noun it agrees with might be omitted. –τὰ τῆς πατρίδος “the [things, affairs] of the fatherland” –οἱ τῆς Ἑλλάδος “the [people] of Greece” –ὁ σοφός “the wise [man, person]” –οἱ ἐκεῖ “the [men, people] over there” –αἱ πάλαι “the [women] in the old days” –τὰ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ “the [things] in the house”

10 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1.3 rd declension nouns: stems in –ν 2.More uses of the article 3.Compounds of εἰμί, ‘be’ 4.Conditions 5.Simple conditions 6.Contrary-to-fact conditions

11 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 singular εἰμί “I am” εἶ “you are” ἐστί(ν) “(s)he, it is” plural ἐσμέν “we are” ἐστέ “you/y’all are” εἰσί(ν) “they are” present tense indicative active Except for the 2 nd person singular, all forms are enclitic.

12 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 singular ἄπειμι ἀπεῖ ἄπεστι(ν) plural ἄπεσμεν ἄπεστε ἄπεισι(ν) present tense indicative active In a compound, the enclitic forms throw their accent back to the prefix.

13 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1.3 rd declension nouns: stems in –ν 2.More uses of the article 3.Compounds of εἰμί, ‘be’ 4.Conditions 5.Simple conditions 6.Contrary-to-fact conditions

14 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 4. Conditions A condition consists of two parts: –The protasis (πρότασις) = the if-statement, a subordinate clause. In Greek, it begins with εἰ “if” use μή to express “not” –The apodosis (ἀπόδοσις) = the conclusion, then- statement, the main or independent clause. In Greek, use οὐ to express “not”

15 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1.3 rd declension nouns: stems in –ν 2.More uses of the article 3.Compounds of εἰμί, ‘be’ 4.Conditions 5.Simple conditions 6.Contrary-to-fact conditions

16 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 5. Simple Conditions Simple conditions referring to the past or present work the same in both Greek and English: –(protasis) εἰ ὁ παῖς μὴ ἀγαθός, “If the child is not good, –(apodosis) οἰκτείρω τὸν πατέρα. I pity the father.”

17 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 5. Simple Conditions Simple conditions referring to the past or present work the same in both Greek and English: –εἰ ὁ παῖς μὴ ἀγαθός, οἰκτείρω τὸν πατέρα. “If the child is not good, I pity the father.” –εἰ ὁ στρατηγὸς σοφὸς ἦν, οὐκ ἐπίστευε τῷ ἡγεμόνι. “If the general was wise, he did not trust his guide.”

18 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 1.3 rd declension nouns: stems in –ν 2.More uses of the article 3.Compounds of εἰμί, ‘be’ 4.Conditions 5.Simple conditions 6.Contrary-to-fact conditions

19 Shelmerdine Chapter 11 6. Contrary-to-fact Conditions A contrary-to-fact condition refers to a situation which does not or did not exist: –If I were rich [but I’m not], I would be happy [but I’m not]. –If it had not rained [but it did], I would have gone out [but I didn’t]. –In Greek, the apodosis of a contrary to fact condition contains the word ἄν, but never as the first word of the clause (postpositive).

20 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 6. Contrary-to-fact Conditions A contrary-to-fact condition refers to a situation which does not or did not exist: –εἰ δοῦλος ἦν, οὐκ εὖ ἂν ἔπραττεν. “If he were a slave [but he’s not], he would not be doing well [but he is].” Greek uses the imperfect tense to refer to the present time.

21 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 6. Contrary-to-fact Conditions A contrary-to-fact condition refers to a situation which does not or did not exist: –εἰ ὁ στρατηγὸς ἐφύλαξε τὸ στρατόπεδον, οἱ αἰχμάλωτοι οὐκ ἂν ἔφυγον. “If the general had guarded the camp [but he didn’t], the prisoners or war would not have escaped [but they did].” Greek uses the aorist tense to refer to past time.

22 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 6. Contrary-to-fact Conditions A contrary-to-fact condition refers to a situation which does not or did not exist: –εἰ οἱ Ἁθηναῖοι μὴ ἐδίωξαν τοὺς Πέρσας ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, δοῦλοι νῦν ἂν ἦσαν. “If the Athenians had not pursued the Persians out of Greece [but they did], they would now be slaves [but they aren’t].” Greek uses the imperfect tense to refer to the present time. Greek uses the aorist tense to refer to past time.

23 Sarcophagus with story of Alcestis

24 Pherae

25 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ὁ Ἄδμητος, ὃς ἐβασίλευε τῶν Φερῶν, ἦν ὁ τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος ἀνήρ· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡ ὥρα ἧκεν αὐτῷ ἀποθνῄσκειν, ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἔλεξεν ὅτι διὰ τὴν πρὶν εὔνοιαν ἐξῆν αὐτῷ μὴ εὐθὺς ἀποθνῄσκειν, εἴ τις τῶν οἰκείων ἤθελε ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ ἀποθανεῖν.

26 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ὁ Ἄδμητος, ὃς ἐβασίλευε τῶν Φερῶν, ἦν ὁ τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος ἀνήρ· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡ ὥρα ἧκεν αὐτῷ ἀποθνῄσκειν, ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἔλεξεν ὅτι διὰ τὴν πρὶν εὔνοιαν ἐξῆν αὐτῷ μὴ εὐθὺς ἀποθνῄσκειν, εἴ τις τῶν οἰκείων ἤθελε ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ ἀποθανεῖν.

27 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ὁ Ἄδμητος, ὃς ἐβασίλευε τῶν Φερῶν, ἦν ὁ τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος ἀνήρ· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡ ὥρα ἧκεν αὐτῷ ἀποθνῄσκειν, ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἔλεξεν ὅτι διὰ τὴν πρὶν εὔνοιαν ἐξῆν αὐτῷ μὴ εὐθὺς ἀποθνῄσκειν, εἴ τις τῶν οἰκείων ἤθελε ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ ἀποθανεῖν.

28 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ἀλλ’ ὁ Ἄδμητος οὐχ οἷός τε ἦν πείθειν οὔτε τὸν πατέρα οὔτε τὴν μητέρα· καὶ δὴ ἡ Ἄλκηστις μόνη ἤθελε σῴζειν τὸν ἄνδρα· ἐκέλευσεν οὖν χαίρειν τοὺς τε παῖδας καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτόν.

29 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ἀλλ’ ὁ Ἄδμητος οὐχ οἷός τε ἦν πείθειν οὔτε τὸν πατέρα οὔτε τὴν μητέρα· καὶ δὴ ἡ Ἄλκηστις μόνη ἤθελε σῴζειν τὸν ἄνδρα· ἐκέλευσεν οὖν χαίρειν τοὺς τε παῖδας καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτόν.

30 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ἀλλ’ ὁ Ἄδμητος οὐχ οἷός τε ἦν πείθειν οὔτε τὸν πατέρα οὔτε τὴν μητέρα· καὶ δὴ ἡ Ἄλκηστις μόνη ἤθελε σῴζειν τὸν ἄνδρα· ἐκέλευσεν οὖν χαίρειν τοὺς τε παῖδας καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτόν.

31 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 μετὰ δὲ τὸν τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος θάνατον ὁ Ἡρακλῆς παρῆν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν.

32 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 μετὰ δὲ τὸν τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος θάνατον ὁ Ἡρακλῆς παρῆν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν.

33 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 μετὰ δὲ τὸν τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος θάνατον ὁ Ἡρακλῆς παρῆν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν.

34 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ὁ δὲ Ἄδμητος ἐξένιζε μὲν αὐτόν, ἔκρυπτε δὲ τὴν συμφοράν· εἰ γὰρ ἔλεξε τῷ φίλῳ τὰ ἀληθῆ, ὁ Ἡρακλῆς ἂν ἔφυγεν. τέλος δὲ ὁ Ἡρακλῆς, ὡς ηὗρε τὰ περὶ τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος παρὰ τῆς θεραπαίνης, εἰς τὸν τάφον ἦλθε καὶ ἔλαβε τὴν Ἀλκήστιδα πρὸς βίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Θανάτου· ἔπειτα δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα ἤγαγεν αὐτήν. ἐκνίζω wash up τὰ ἀληθῆ the truth πρὸς βίαν by force

35 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ὁ δὲ Ἄδμητος ἐξένιζε μὲν αὐτόν, ἔκρυπτε δὲ τὴν συμφοράν· εἰ γὰρ ἔλεξε τῷ φίλῳ τὰ ἀληθῆ, ὁ Ἡρακλῆς ἂν ἔφυγεν. τέλος δὲ ὁ Ἡρακλῆς, ὡς ηὗρε τὰ περὶ τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος παρὰ τῆς θεραπαίνης, εἰς τὸν τάφον ἦλθε καὶ ἔλαβε τὴν Ἀλκήστιδα πρὸς βίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Θανάτου· ἔπειτα δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα ἤγαγεν αὐτήν. ἐκνίζω wash up τὰ ἀληθῆ the truth πρὸς βίαν by force

36 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 ὁ δὲ Ἄδμητος ἐξένιζε μὲν αὐτόν, ἔκρυπτε δὲ τὴν συμφοράν· εἰ γὰρ ἔλεξε τῷ φίλῳ τὰ ἀληθῆ, ὁ Ἡρακλῆς ἂν ἔφυγεν. τέλος δὲ ὁ Ἡρακλῆς, ὡς ηὗρε τὰ περὶ τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος παρὰ τῆς θεραπαίνης, εἰς τὸν τάφον ἦλθε καὶ ἔλαβε τὴν Ἀλκήστιδα πρὸς βίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Θανάτου· ἔπειτα δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα ἤγαγεν αὐτήν. ἐκνίζω wash up τὰ ἀληθῆ the truth πρὸς βίαν by force

37 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 Friedrich Heinrich Füger Alcestis Gives Her Life for Admetus

38 Death takes Alcestis Hercules with sword vase painting, Classical period

39 Hermes, Hercules and Alcestis

40 Alcestis with Hercules in Hades (wall painting in the Christian Catacomb, Via Latina, 4th century AD)

41 Alcestis while Hercules wrestles Death (Frederick Leighton)

42 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 καὶ ἔπλασεν ὁ Θεὸς ἔτι ἐκ τῆς γῆς πάντα τὰ θηρία τοῦ ἀγροῦ, καὶ πάντα τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ· ἀγρός –οῦ ὁ field γῆ γῆς ἡ earth θηρίον –ου τό = θήρ, θηρός ὁ οὐρανός –οῦ ὁ "sky" πάντα (neut nom/acc pl) "all“ (always in predicate position) πετεινός -ή -όν "winged" πλάζω "form, mold"

43 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 καὶ ἐπέβαλεν ὁ Θεὸς ἔκστασιν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀδὰμ, καὶ ὕπνωσε· καὶ ἔλαβε μίαν τῶν πλευρῶν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀνεπλήρωσε σάρκα ἀντ' αὐτῆς. καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὴν πλευρὰν, ἣν ἔλαβεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ εἰς γυναῖκα· καὶ ἤγαγεν αὐτὴν πρὸς τὸν Ἀδὰμ. ἀναπληρόω "fill up" ἀντί +gen. “in place of” γυναῖκα (acc) ἡ "woman" εἱς, μία, ἓν "one" ἔκστασις, -στάσεως ἡ "trance" ἐπιβάλλω "throw on" οἰκοδομέω "build" ὀστέον (ὀστοῦν), ὀστέος τό "bone" πλευρά -ᾶς ἡ "rib" σάρξ, σαρκός ἡ "flesh" ὑπνόω "put to sleep"

44 Shelmerdine Chapter 12 καὶ εἶπεν Ἀδάμ Τοῦτο νῦν ὀστοῦν ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων μου, καὶ σὰρξ ἐκ τῆς σαρκός μου· αὕτη κληθήσεται γυνὴ, ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς ἐλήφθη. ἕνεκεν τούτου καταλείψει ἄνθρωπος τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν ματέρα, καὶ προσκολληθήσεται πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἔσονται οἰ δύο εἰς σάρκα μίαν. αὕτη κληθήσεται "she will be called" γυνή (nom) γυναῖκα (acc) ἡ "woman" δύο two εἶπεν "s/he said" εἱς, μία, ἓν "one" ἐλήφθη "was taken“ ἕνεκεν τούτου "because of this" καταλείπω "leave behind" μου "my" ὀστέον (ὀστοῦν), ὀστέος τό "bone" προσκολληθήσεται "will stick to" σάρξ, σαρκός ἡ "flesh“ τοῦτο (neut. nom. sg.) “this”