Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek as taught at Louisiana State University Spring 2013 Albert Watanabe Unit 12: Adjectives.

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1 Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek as taught at Louisiana State University Spring 2013 Albert Watanabe Unit 12: Adjectives

2 Elementary Greek This class (someday, Month ##, 2013) AGE Unit 12: Adjectives You have already learned Greek nouns and pronouns. This Unit presents a closely-related category of word, the adjective.

3 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. In order to describe a noun, an adjective must match the noun in gender, number and case. Recall that Greek nouns and pronouns are identified by their gender, number and case. Remember, too, that Greek pronouns replace nouns by matching their gender, number and case. Like the definite article and pronouns, therefore, adjectives must have forms available for each possible combination of gender, number and case.

4 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives All Greek adjectives use the same three declensions of endings as Greek nouns. Every adjective uses a specific declension’s ending for each gender. Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders.

5 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. For example, some adjectives use 2 nd declension endings for all three genders: – When modifying a masculine or feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 2 nd declension noun. – When modifying a neuter noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a neuter 2 nd declension noun.

6 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives: Vocabulary Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. In a vocabulary entry or lexicon, adjectives will have all their nominative singular forms. The ending of the nominative singular indicates which declension the adjective uses for each gender.

7 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical ἄδικος -ον unjust ἀδύνατος -ον impossible βάρβαρος -ον barbaric, not Greek, foreign σύμμαχος -ον allied

8 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) αἰώνιος –ον eternal ἁμαρτωλός -όν sinful ἔρημος –ον deserted

9 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. The largest and most common type of adjective uses 2 nd declension endings for masculine and neuter but 1 st declension endings for the feminine: – When modifying a masculine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 2 nd declension noun. – When modifying a feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 1 st declension noun. – When modifying a neuter noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a neuter 2 nd declension noun.

10 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. The largest and most common type of adjective uses 2 nd declension endings for masculine and neuter but 1 st declension endings for feminine: – When modifying a feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 1 st declension noun. – NOTE: If the stem of the adjective ends in - ε, - ι or - ρ, just as 1 st declension nouns, the singular forms change the - η - to - ᾱ -. This change has no meaning. It is just a shift in pronunciation (and consequently spelling).

11 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives Two very common adjectives are of this type but show additional small changes: μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big – The masculine nominative and accusative singular drop their - λο -. πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many The masculine and neuter, nominative and accusative singular, show the stem πολυ -.

12 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (stem: μεγαλ- ) big Singular Plural Nom. μέγας μεγάλη μέγα μεγάλοι μεγάλαι μεγάλα Gen. μεγάλου μεγάλης μεγάλου μεγάλων Dat. μεγάλῳ μεγάλῃ μεγάλῳ μεγάλοις μεγάλαις μεγάλοις Acc. μέγαν μεγάλην μέγα μεγάλους μεγάλας μεγάλα Greek Pronouns GPH p.34

13 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives πολύς, πολλή, πολύ (stem: πολλ- ) much, many Singular Plural Nom. πολύς πολλή πολύ πολλοί πολλαί πολλά Gen. πολλοῦ πολλῆς πολλοῦ πολλῶν Dat. πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς Acc. πολύν πολλήν πολύ πολλούς πολλάς πολλά Greek Pronouns GPH p.33

14 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical ἀγαθός -ή -όν good, brave, noble αἰσχρός -ά -όν ugly, disgraceful αἴτιος -α -ον responsible, guilty ἄλλος -η -ον other ἀμφότερος -α -ον both ἄξιος -α -ον worthy ἄριστος -η -ον best δεινός -ή -όν awesome, terrible δῆλος -η -ον clear, visible δίκαιος -α -ον just δυνατός -ή -όν able

15 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical ἕκαστος -η -ον each ἑκάτερος -α -ον each of two ἐκεῖνος -η -ο that ἐλεύθερος -α -ον free ἐμός -ή -όν my, mine ἐναντίος -α -ον opposite ἕτερος -α -ον other ἐχθρός -ά -όν hated, hostile ἡμέτερος -α -ον our θεῖος -α -ον divine

16 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical ἴδιος -α -ον one’s own, private ἱερός -ά -όν holy, sacred ἱκανός -ή -όν sufficient ἴσος -η -ον equal to (+ dat.) ἰσχυρός -ά -όν strong κακός -ή -όν bad, cowardly καλός -ή -όν beautiful, noble κοινός -ή -όν common λαμπρός -ά -όν bright, brilliant, famous λοιπός -ή -όν remaining

17 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical μακρός -ά -όν long, tall, large μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big μέσος -η -ον middle μικρός -ά -όν small, little, short μόνος -η -ον alone, single μυρίος -α -ον countless thousands νέος -α -ον young, new οἰκεῖος -α -ον domestic, one’s own ὀλίγος -η -ον few, little, small ὅλος -η -ον whole, complete

18 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical ὅμοιος -α -ον like, resembling ὀρθός -ή -όν straight, true, regular παλαιός -ά -όν old πλεῖστος -η -ον most, largest ποῖος -α -ον what sort of? πολέμιος -α -ον hostile πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many πονηρός -ά -όν worthless, bad πότερος -α -ον which of the two? πρότερος -α -ον before, earlier

19 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical ῥᾴδιος -α -ον easy σός -ή -όν your, yours (sing.) σοφός -ή -όν wise ὑμέτερος -α -ον your, yours (pl.) ὕστερος -α -ον following, next, later φανερός -ά -όν clear, evident φίλος -η -ον beloved, dear χαλεπός -ή - όν difficult χαλκοῦς -ῆ -οῦν bronze χρήσιμος -η -ον useful

20 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) ἀγηπατός –η –όν beloved ἅγιος –α –ον holy ἄλλος -η -ον other ἄξιος -α -ον worthy δεξιός –η –όν right δοῦλος –η –ον as a slave δυνατός -ή -όν able ἕκαστος -η -ον each ἐκεῖνος -η -ο that ἔσχατος –η –ον last, final

21 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) ἕτερος -α -ον other ἐχθρός -ά -όν hated, hostile ἴδιος -α -ον one’s own, private ἱκανός -ή -όν sufficient καινός –ή –όν new κακός -ή -όν bad, cowardly καλός -ή -όν beautiful, noble λοιπός -ή -όν remaining μακάριος –α –ον blessed μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big μέσος -η -ον middle

22 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) μικρός -ά -όν small, little, short μόνος -η -ον alone, single νεκρός –ά –όν dead ὀλίγος -η -ον few, little, small ὅλος -η -ον whole, complete ὅμοιος -α -ον like, resembling πιστός –ή –όν faithful ποῖος -α -ον what sort of? πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many πονηρός -ά -όν worthless, bad πρεσβυτέρος –α –ον elder

23 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. A small group of adjectives uses 3 rd declension endings for all three genders: – When modifying a masculine or feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 3 rd declension noun. – When modifying a neuter noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a neuter 3 rd declension noun.

24 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives ἀληθής -ές (stem: ἀληθέσ- ) true (contractions just as in ἔτος -ους τό year) Singular Plural Nom. ἀληθής ἀληθές ἀληθεῖς ἀληθῆ Gen. ἀληθοῦς ἀληθῶν Dat. ἀληθεῖ ἀληθέσι Acc. ἀληθῆ ἀληθές ἀληθεῖς ἀληθῆ Greek Pronouns (GPH p.20)

25 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives βελτίων -ον (stem: βελτίον- ) better (just as δαίμων -ονος ὁ divinity) Singular Plural Nom. βελτίων βέλτιονβελτίονες βελτίονα Gen. βελτίονος βελτιόνων Dat. βελτίονιβελτίοσι Acc. βελτίονα βέλτιον βελτίονας βελτίονα Greek Pronouns (GPH p.28)

26 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical ἀληθής -ές true ἀμείνων -ον better, stronger, braver βελτίων -ον better ἐλάττων -ον smaller, less ἥττων -ον less, weaker κρείττων -ον stronger, better πλείων/πλέων, πλεῖον/πλέον more, larger σαφής -ές clear χείρων -ον worse, inferior

27 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) [No specific adjective of this type occurs 30+ times in the NT, but the type does occur.]

28 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. Another group of adjectives uses 3 rd declension endings for masculine and neuter but 1 st declension endings for feminine: – When modifying a masculine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 3 rd declension noun. – When modifying a feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 1 st declension noun always with a short - ᾰ - in the nominative and accusative singular. – When modifying a neuter noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a neuter 3 rd declension noun.

29 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. Another group of adjectives uses 3 rd declension endings for masculine and neuter but 1 st declension endings for feminine: – When modifying a feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 1 st declension noun always with a short - ᾰ - in the nominative and accusative singular. – NOTE: If the stem of the adjective ends in - ε, - ι or - ρ, just as 1 st declension nouns, the singular forms change the - η - to - ᾱ -. For these adjectives, the change affects only the Genitive and Dative singular, since the Nominative and Accusative singular already have short - ᾰ -. As always, this change has no meaning. It is just a shift in pronunciation (and consequently spelling).

30 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives ἡδύς -εῖα -ύ (stem: ἡδέ- ) sweet Singular Plural Nom. ἡδύς ἡδεῖα ἡδύἡδεῖς ἡδεῖαι ἡδέα Gen. ἡδέος ἡδείας ἡδέος ἡδέων ἡδειῶν ἡδέων Dat. ἡδεῖ ἡδείᾳ ἡδεῖ ἡδέσι ἡδείαις ἡδέσι Acc. ἡδύν ἡδεῖαν ἡδύ ἡδεῖς ἡδείας ἡδέα Greek Pronouns GPH p.30

31 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical ἅπας -ᾶσα -αν all together βαρύς -εῖα -ύ heavy, tedious βραχύς -εῖα -ύ brief, short εὐθύς -εῖα -ύ straight ἡδύς -εῖα -ύ sweet ὀξύς -εῖα -ύ sharp, keen, shrill, pungent πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν every, all ταχύς -εῖα -ύ quick

32 Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) ἅπας -ᾶσα -αν all together εὐθύς -εῖα -ύ straight πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν every, all

33 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives: Usage Greek adjectives describe nouns when they are in the attributive position: ὁ κακὸς βασιλεύς = the bad king ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁ κακός = the bad king κακὸς βασιλεύς = a bad king

34 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives: Usage Outside the attributive position, Greek adjectives function as predicate to the noun: ὁ βασιλεύς κακός. = The king (is) bad. αἱ θλίψεις ποιοῦσι τὸν βασιλέα κακόν. = Troubles make the king bad.

35 Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives: Usage Greek routinely uses adjectives with just an article as generic nouns (i.e., nouns indicating a class or type): ὁ κακός = a bad man, a bad person οἱ κακοί = bad people τὸ κακόν = “the bad,” badness, etc. – cf. the abstract noun κακία –ας ἡ which refers to the concept of “badness.”

36 Elementary Greek Next class (someday, Month ##, 2013) – Unit 12 Biblical reading. – Unit 12 Classical reading. – Be able to: read the sentences aloud parse each verb, noun and pronoun translate the sentences into English.