ENVIRONMENT/ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΗ USUDS Larnaka Municipality ΔΗΜΟΣ ΛΑΡΝΑΚΑΣ Environment Περιβάλλον

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT / ΦΥΣΙΚΟ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION / ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ USUDS Larnaka Municipality ΔΗΜΟΣ ΛΑΡΝΑΚΑΣ Topography / Τοπογραφία Geology / Γεωλογία Climate / Κλίμα Coastal Features / Χαρακτηριστικά της Ακτής Biodiversity & Salt Lakes / Βιοποικιλότητα & Αλυκές Land Protection / Προστασία Γής Waste Management / Διαχείριση Αποβλήτων Flood Protection / Προστασία Έναντι Πλημμυρών Sea Water Quality / Ποιότητα θαλασσινού Νερού Atmospheric Pollution / Ατμοσφαιρική Ρύπανση

Larnaka 4 Natural Regions/Areas: Troodos (southern) range, Kyrenia (northern) range, Central messaoria plain, and the Coastlands Coastlands consist of low lying coastal valleys with alluvial fertile soils – Larnaca, Limassol, Pafos. Larnaka is one of the most low lying areas in Cyprus and one of the widest stretches of the ‘coastlands’. Topography / Τοπογραφία

Topography (Cont.) / Τοπογραφία (συν.) Central Larnaka 0m to 20m above sea level Aradhippou, Voroklini, Avdhellero Altitude up to 150m above sea level Salt Lake: Very Low Lying Areas -3m to 20m

Source: Geological Survey Department Geology/ Γεωλογί α

Catchment Areas / Λεκάνες απορροής Source: WDD Two main catchment in and around the municipality areas around Larnaca. Drainage Channels take storm water to the sea in Larnaka Monitoring stations Stream flow Water Quality

Source: Geological Survey Department

: Climate / Κλίμα CYPRUS IS SUB-TROPICAL LONG HOT DRY SUMMERS Days of sunshine – WARMEST ISLAND IN THE MEDITTEREANNEAN MILD WINTERS WITH RAINFALL MOSTLY IN WINTER MONTHS, December to February 60% Rainfall on Average

Air Temperature: Larnaka Airport ( ) Θερμοκρασία αέρα αεροδρομίου Λάρνακας ( ) Temperature / Θερμοκρασία Source: Meteorological Service Mean July/Aug Temp. 29°C on the central plain 28°C in Larnaka 22°C on the Troodos Annual average temperature 17.2°C ( ). 17.7°C ( ). By 2030 temp will have increased by 1-1.5°C compared to ‘normal’ temperature. Mild Winters where freezing temperatures are extremely rare on the coast.

: Wind / Άνεμος Eastern Mediterranean wind is generally north westerly in the summertime. and westerly in wintertime with light to moderate strength (usually). Larnaka with a large differential temperature between sea and land during summer benefits from significant sea breezes. Cyprus has on average 2 Tornadoes every year. Tornadoes will often start as waterspouts over the sea and move inland as a ‘Tornado’, causing localised damage to buildings and vehicles as well as risking personal safety. Source: Meteorological Service

Annual Average Precipitation (mm) in Cyprus (Oct 1901-Sep 2011) / Μέση Ετήσια Βροχόπτωση (mm) στην Κύπρο (Οκτ.1901-Σεπτ.2011) Source: Meteorological Service

Normal Precipitation ( ) Vs Recent Precipitation Period( )/ Κανονική Βροχόπτωση ( ) σε σχέση με την Πρόσφατη Περίοδο Βροχοπτώσεων( ) mm per year Source: Meteorological Service

Coastal Features / Χαρακτηριστικά της Ακτής

Coastal Features of Larnaka Municipality / Χαρακτηριστικά Ακτής εντός των δημοτικών ορίων Λάρνακας

Net longshore sediment transport from Cape Kiti (south) to Dhekelia (north). The Larnaca Marina and Harbour built in 1969 form an obstruction to the sediment transport. The result is Finikoudes sandy beach on the south of the marina and erosion on the north of the marina. Similar pattern with Fishing Shelter and the effect on Mackenzie Sandy Beach south and erosion on the north & previous groynes. Coastal Sediment Transport System / Παράκτιο Σύστημα Ιζηματομεταφοράς Sediment Transport

Biodiversity / Βιοποικιλότητα

: Larnaka Environmental Wealth / Περιβαλλοντικός Πλούτος Λάρνακας

: Environmental Wealth of Larnaka/ Περιβαλλοντικός Πλούτος Λάρνακας

The Salt Lakes / Αλυκές

LakeLake Area (km2) Natura 2000 Area (km2) Alyki Orfani, Soros, & Spiros Formation – Low lying area (-3 to +11m) – Gains salinity from porous rock between Lakes and Sea. – Previously connected to sea, later on replenished by Freshwater Natura 2000 designation from Habitats Directive – SCI Natura 2000 designation from the Birds Directive – SPA Ramsar Convention – Wetland of International Importance Salt Lakes/ Αλυκές

Salt Lake Habitats / Οικοτόποι Αλυκών Natura 2000 Code Habitat% Cover N02Coastal Lagoons37 N03Salt Marshes23 N023Other Land (Including Industrial sites) 23 N15Other Arable Land12 N20Artificial Forest Monoculture 3 NO5Shingle, Inlets1 N09Dry Grassland, Steppes 1 SpeciesCommon Name Salicorna spp.Glassworts Sueda fruticosaShrubby sea-blite

SpeciesSeasonPopulation estimate IBA Criteria Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)winter 3,000-5,000 individuals C2 Common Crane (Grus grus)passage 500-1,000 individuals C2 Eurasian Thick-knee (Burhinus oedicnemus)breeding 5-10 breeding pairs C6 Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)breeding 5-10 breeding pairs C6 Spur-winged Lapwing (Vanellus spinosus)breeding 3-5 breeding pairs C6 Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus)passage individuals C2, C6 Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus)winter 5,000-6,000 individuals C2 Species group - waterbirds- 20,000-38,000 individuals C4 Avifauna / Ορνιθοπανίδα Each year Cyprus is used as a stopping off point by millions of migrating birds travelling between Europe and Africa.

Invertebrates Number of species/Common Name Arthropods51 Zizeria knysa karsandra African Grass Blue Butterfly Chilades galba Small Desert Blue Butterfly Artemia salina Brine Shrimp Branchinella spinosa Fairy Shrimp Selected Fauna / Δείγματα Πανίδας Vertebrates Number of species/ Common Name Reptiles16 Cyrtopodion kotschyi Kotschy’s Gecko Coluber jugularis Whipsnake Coluber nummifer Coin Snake Amphibia3 Hyla savignyi Lemon Yellow Tree Frog Bufo viridis European Green Toad Rana ridibunda Marsh Frog

Orchid SpeciesCommon Name Orchis italicaNaked Man Orchid Orchis coriophora ssp. FragransBug Orchid Orchis collinaCollina Orchid Spiranthes spiralisAutumn Lady’s-tresses Serapias spp.Tongue Orchids Ophrys umbilicataWoodcock Orchid Ophrys flavomarginataYellow Rimmed Ophrys Ophrys apiferaBee orchid Ophrys luteaYellow Ophrys Ophrys kotschyiCyprus Bee Orchid Ophrys sphegodesDark Ophrys Ophrys fuscaDull Ophrys Orchids of the Salt Lakes / Ορχιδέες των Αλυκών

Halophytic wetland habitat of great significance – Ecosystem conditions – Minimum Salinity – Freshwater recharge – Cyclical Nature Food Chain Algae – Dunaniella salina Shrimps – Artemia salina – Branchinella spinosa Salt Lake Ecosystem / Οικοσύστημα Αλυκών

Water Recharge of the Salt Lakes / Αναπλήρωση νερού στις Αλυκές

USUDS Larnaka Municipality ΔΗΜΟΣ ΛΑΡΝΑΚΑΣ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION / ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ

Source: Environment Service Environmental Protection Landmarks of Larnaca / Σημεία Περιβαλλοντικής Προστασίας Λάρνακας

Current Issues/Θεματα Solid Waste Management / Διαχείριση Αποβλήτων Photograph: Cyprus Mail

MSW (tonnes) sent to Waste treatment Facility from Larnaka Municipality (2011) Ποσότητες (τόνοι) Στερεών Αποβλήτων του Δήμου Λάρνακας που καταλήγουν στο Εργοστάσιο Διαλογής και Χώρο Υγειονομικής Ταφής στην Κόσιη (2011) Source: Municipality of Larnaka

Current Issues/Θεματα Municipal Solid Waste Plant: Larnaka – Famagusta (Since 2010) Δημοτικά Στερεά Απόβλητα: Λάρνακα – Αμμόχωστος (από το 2010)

Municipal Solid Waste (kg) per Capita across the EU (2008) / Δημοτικά Στερεά Απόβλητα (kg) ανά άτομο στην ΕΕ (2008) Source: Eurostat

Municipal Solid Waste (kg) per Capita in Larnaka (2011) / Δημοτικά Στερεά Απόβλητα ανά κάτοικο (kg) στο Δήμο Λάρνακας (2011) Source: Municipality of Larnaka, Green Dot Type of Municipal Wastekg Municipal Waste Collection 31,284,810 Green Dot Recycled Material2,308,444 Bulky Waste (Estimate) 1,500,000 Green Waste (Estimate) 500,000 Total 35,593,254 Waste per Capita (kg) 602 Notes: Municipality Pop. 59,115, Does not include electronic waste (4kgCa) PMDPAPERGLASS , ,88832, ,539 1,309,997246, , ,646214,792

Packaging Recycling / Ανακύκλωση Συσκευασιών PMD, Paper, and Glass by Green Dot 2,500 tonnes packaging waste collected at source in 2011 (7% of total MSW). Recycled materials are exports currently. Collection methods & Expansion of types of waste could be increased to around 50% or more for MSW. Benefits of source collection Price per tonne Quality of material Landfill Directive, Waste stream Directive Cost Energy

Flood Protection / Προστασία έναντι Πλημμυρών WDD are responsible for implementation of the Floods Directive Stage One of the directive has been completed in Cyprus identifying Areas of Potentially Significant Flood Risk (APSFR’s). Two such APSFR’s have been identified in Larnaka. Source: WDD The Flood Directive (2007/60/EU) / Οδηγία για τις Πλημμύρες (2007/60/ΕΚ )

CY-APSFR 11 Kamares River / Ποταμός Καμάρες

CY-APSFR 10 Archangelos Kamitsis River / Ποταμός Αρχαγγέλου Καμίτση

MunicipalityBeach/Marina name Pervolia Community BoardFaros Larnaka MunicipalityMckenzie Larnaka MunicipalityPhinikoudes Larnaka MunicipalityCastella Voroclini Community BoardYanathes There are 5 ‘Blue Flag’ beaches in Larnaka District out of 56 in Cyprus – 32 criteria covering: Environmental Education and Information, Water Quality (Including E.coli & intestinal enterococci), Environmental Management, Safety and Services Sea Water Quality / Ποιότητα θαλασσινού Νερού Blue Flag Beaches / Παραλίες με γαλάζια σημαία

Bathing Water Quality in Larnaka / Ποιότητα των Υδάτων Κολύμβησης στη Λάρνακα -The Environment Service is responsible for monitoring Bathing water quality in line with the Bathing Water Directive. -Larnaka has 27 recognised ‘Bathing Waters’ out of a total of 112 in Cyprus. -All beaches in Larnaka have met the required standard for E.Coli and intestinal enterococci for the last 6 years.

Type of Wastewater 2010 (m 3 )2011 (m 3 ) Incoming Sewerage Volume3,059,1352,969,896 Treated Wastewater produced for Irrigation2,021,6262,198,119 Treated Wastewater to sea in winter months287,847382,750 Production of Sewerage Sludge 5,8203,820 Production from Larnaka Sewerage & Drainage Board End use of Tertiary Treated Wastewater / Χρήση τριτογενούς επεξεργασμένου νερού αποχετεύσεων

Tertiary Treated Wastewater Treatment Standards / Επιτρεπόμενα Όρια τριτογενούς επεξεργασμένου νερού αποχετεύσεων IndicatorLimitUnitFrequency pH Days Conductivity2500µS/cm15 Days BOD10mg/l15 Days COD70mg/l15 Days Suspended Solids10mg/l15 Days Total Nitrates15mg/l1 per month Total Phosphates10mg/l1 per month Chlorides300mg/l1 per month Boron1mg/l2 per year Fats, Oils, Grease5mg/l1 time per month Escherichia coli5E.Coli/100ml15 days Eggs of Intestinal Parasites001 per 3 months Zinc (Zn)1mg/l2 per year Copper (Cu)0.1mg/l2 per year Lead (Pb)0.15mg/l2 per year Cadmium (Cd)0.01mg/l2 per year Mercury (Hg)0.005mg/l2 per year Cromium (Cr)0.1mg/l2 per year Nickel (Ni)0.2mg/l2 per year Toxicity 1 per year Chlorination1mg/l15 days

Atmospheric Pollution / Ατμοσφαιρική Ρύπανση

Background / Γενικά Στοιχεία AIR Quality / Ποιότητα Αέρα Air Quality Framework Directive Law for the quality of Atmospheric Air (77(I)/2010) Policy & Monitoring is the responsibility of the Department of Labour Inspection (DLI) National Action Plan for the Improvement of Ambient Air Quality – Recommendations National Committee for the protection of air quality - PM’s and O 3 SMAP Project & Inventory in Larnaka AIR QUALITY PLANS - National Action Plan, LAQP Larnaka 12 National Stations for monitoring 2 in Larnaka: Louki Pieridi Street (Traffic) & Aristofanous street (Residential) Pollutants: SO 2, NO 2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, Benzene, Heavy Metals, Ozone Fast updates communicated to the public through modern methods Monitoring Stations / Σταθμοί Παρακολούθησης

Source: Department of Lobour Inspection Air Quality Measurement for 2010 and comparison to Various Target Values (DLI) / Μετρήσεις Ποιότητας Αέρα το 2010 κ σύγκριση με τιμές ορίων NO2, SO2, NOx, CO (and Ozone in Larnaka) all within allowed exceedences Particulates: Both Urban & Residential areas show significant exceedences

Current Issues/Θεματα – At present Particulate Matter (PM’s) and Ozone are identified as Europe’s most problematic pollutants. – PM10 (up to 10 microns) – PM2.5 (up to 2.5 microns) – Sources are a combination of natural and man-made – In cities major causes are: » Vehicles through NOx and dust re-suspension, Domestic Heating, Industrial & Power generation – Sahara Dust is a major cause of Particulates : Last ‘events’ were on 21/10/2012 & 22/10/2012 – Life Project, PM 3 : Particulates Monitoring, Modelling and Management Particulate Matter (PM’s) / Σωματιδιακή Ύλη Particulate24 Hr MeanAnnual Mean PM mcg/m 3 40 mcg/m 3 PM mcg/m 3 25 mcg/m 3 EU Limit Values

Particulate Matter at Larnaka Traffic Station (100 days)/ Σωματιδιακή Ύλη σε Σταθμούς Μέτρησης με Τροχαία Κίνηση στη Λάρνακα

Pact of Islands – Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) – Baseline Data Survey MWh CO2 eq. Covenant of Mayors – Goals 20% Total Emission reduction 20% Target RES share of Energy Consumption 20% Energy Efficiency improvement The Medeea Project aims to achieve the goal in Mediterranean countries through energy planning and the European Energy Award. Larnaka Municipality - Energy Data Δεδομένα για την Ενέργεια του Δήμου Λάρνακας

CO2: Larnaka Municipality 2009 Εκπομπές Διοξειδίου Άνθρακα: Δήμος Λάρνακας 2009

CategoryMWh 000CO2 (000 tn) Residential Primary Secondary2918 Tertiary Transport TOTAL1, CO2: Larnaka Municipality 2009 Εκπομπές Διοξειδίου Άνθρακα: Δήμος Λάρνακας 2009 Source: Larnaka Municipality, CEA

Final Consumption of Energy: Cyprus / Τελική Κατανάλωση Ενέργειας: Κύπρος Source: Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism

YearFuel OilDieselGasolineLPGNatural Gas TotalPercentage increase based on % % % % % % % % % % % % Projected CO2 until 2020 (tons CO2) / ΠΡΟΒΛΕΠΟΜΕΝΕΣ ΕΚΠΟΜΠΕΣ ΔΙΟΞΕΙΔΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΘΡΑΚΑ ΜΕΧΡΙ ΤΟ 2020 (TONOI CO2)

RES Share of Gross Final Energy Production 20% target by 2020 Larnaca Municipality CO2 targets Per capita reduction – Pop. 59,115 to 81,829 Photovoltaic systems in Municipal areas Green spaces, Mackenzie Beach, Parking Spaces Number of Hybrid cars, electric cars, and charging stations Energy Performance Indicators Δείκτες Ενεργειακής Απόδοσης

Distribution of Public Environmental Protection Expenditure Κατανομή Δημόσιων Δαπανών για Περιβαλλοντική Προστασία In 2010 total expenditure was 0.35% of GDP (EU Average 0.4%) 60% is Capital expenditure (integrated or end of pipe investments) Waste Management expenditure has increased by 82% since 2005

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