Nominative & Accusative Definite Article Chapter 6 Nominative & Accusative Definite Article

Case endings Suffixes indicating case Not word order Subject: ἀπόστολος Direct object: ἀπόστολον Not word order Which case endings do you use?

ἀπόστολος ἀπόστολον

Three Terms Stem of ἀπόστολος is *ἀποστολο Gender Number One gender Not natural gender, but patterns (-ος) Number ἀπόστολος, ἀπόστολοι

ἀπόστολος ἀπόστολοι

3 Declensions Patterns of Inflection — not meaning ὥρα, γραφή ἀπόστολος, ἔργον Consonant (Chapter 10) Indeclinable ( Ἰσραήλ )

3 Declensions ὥρα, γραφή ἀπόστολος, ἔργον Consonant (Chapter 10) Indeclinable ( Ἰσραήλ )

Two Cases Nominative Accusative Speaker vs Translator Subjective: Subject — θεός Accusative Objective: Direct object — κόσμον Speaker vs Translator

Two Cases Nominative: θεός Accusative: κόσμον

θεὸς ἀγαπᾷ τὸν κόσμον. ἀγαπᾷ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον. τὸν κόσμον ἀγαπᾷ θεός. Word Order θεὸς ἀγαπᾷ τὸν κόσμον. ἀγαπᾷ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον. τὸν κόσμον ἀγαπᾷ θεός.

Lexicons “Lexicon” “Lexical form” Vocabulary form Noun: nominative singular ἀπόστολοι → ἀπόστολος

Lexicons ἀπόστολοι → ἀπόστολος

Review Stem + case endings (c, n, g) First (α, η) and second declension (ο) Subject → nom. → nom. case endings Direct object → acc. → acc. case endings Word order; Lexical form

Paradigm Not place weight on paradigms Reduce memorization Memorize the ones I give you well

Paradigm 2 1 2 masc fem neut nom sg ος η α ον acc sg ον ην αν ον nom pl οι αι α acc pl ους ας α

Paradigm nom sg λόγος γραφή ὥρα ἔργον acc sg λόγον γραφήν ὥραν ἔργον nom pl λόγοι γραφαί ὧραι ἔργα acc pl λόγους γραφάς ὥρας ἔργα

Parse λόγους Case Number Gender Lexical form Inflected meaning

Parse Ἰσραήλ Case Number Gender Lexical form Inflected meaning

ὥρα, γραφή; λόγος, ἔργον Three Noun Rules 1. Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems ending in omicron are in the second, and consonantal stems are in the third. ὥρα, γραφή; λόγος, ἔργον

Three Noun Rules 2. Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative. ἔργον

Three Noun Rules 3. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural. ἔργα

Paradigm nom sg λόγος γραφή ὥρα ἔργον acc sg λόγον γραφήν ὥραν ἔργον nom pl λόγοι γραφαί ὧραι ἔργα acc pl λόγους γραφάς ὥρας ἔργα

Definite Article “The” No indefinite article Your friend! “Agreement”

Definite Article ὁ ἡ τό τόν τήν τό οἱ αἱ τά τούς τάς τά

Translation ὁ θεὸς / σώσει / ψυχάς. Article Postpositive (ὁ δέ) ὁ as “the” if present “a” if not Names and abstract nouns Postpositive (ὁ δέ)

Translation ὁ θεὸς / σώσει / ψυχάς.

Translation ὁ δέ

The Fog

Summary Cases to show function (c, n, g) Stem Subject in the nominative Direct object in the accusative

5. Paradigm 2 1 2 masc fem neut nom sg ος η α ον acc sg ον ην αν ον nom pl οι αι α acc pl ους ας α

6. Definite Article ὁ ἡ τό τόν τήν τό οἱ αἱ τά τούς τάς τά

Summary First three noun rules Normal Greek word order Translation procedure (dividing)

ἀγάπη, -ης, ἡ

ἄλλος, -η, -ο

αὐτός, -ή, -ό

βασιλεία, -ας, ἡ

δέ ( δ᾿ )

ἐν

ἔργον, -ου, τό

καιρός, -οῦ, ὁ

νῦν

ὁ, ἡ, τό

ὅτι

οὐ (οὐκ, οὐχ)

ὥρα, -ας, ἡ

Vocabulary 39 words