ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Υλη Βιοτεχνολογίας Σελ 377 Σελ 559 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Τομείς Βιοτεχνολογίας Κόκκινη Βιοτεχνολογία (Βιο Ιατρική, Θεραπευτική, Διαγνωστική) Πράσινη Βιοτεχνολογία (Γεωργία) Μπλε Βιοτεχνολογία (Εφαρμογές στη Θάλασσα και σε Υδατοκαλλιέργειες) Λευκή Βιοτεχνολογία (Βιομηχανικές εφαρμογές π.χ.Βιοκαύσιμα, Βιοαιθανόλη, Βιοπολυμερή) 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Γεωργία ΑΝΘΕΚΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΕ ΕΝΤΟΜΑ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΘΟΓΟΝΑ Bt (Bacillus thuringensis) 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Γεωργία Βαμβάκι Helicoverpa armigera H. 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Γεωργία ΑΝΘΕΚΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΕ ΜΗΚΥΤΕΣ Chitinase, από φυτά ή ιούς Chitinase (NPV) The Baculoviridae, a diverse family of more than 600 viruses, encompasses two genera, the nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) and the granuloviruses (GVs) (5). Baculoviruses are generally host specific, infecting mainly insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera Η χητίνη αποδομεί το κυτταρικό τοίχωμα 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Γεωργία ΑΝΘΕΚΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΕ ΜΗΚΥΤΕΣ -glucanase, από φυτά 24/11/2018 The cell wall is composed of a polysaccharide-based three-dimensional network. Considered for a long time as an inert exoskeleton, the cell wall is now seen as a dynamic structure that is continuously changing as a result of the modification of culture conditions and environmental stresses. Although the cell wall composition varies among fungal species, chemogenomic comparative analysis have led to a better understanding of the genes and mechanisms involved in the construction of the common central core composed of branched b1,3 glucan-chitin. Because of its essential biological role, unique biochemistry and structural organization and the absence in mammalian cells of most of its constitutive components, the cell wall is an attractive target for the development of new antifungal agents. Genomic as well as drug studies have shown that the death of the fungus can result from inhibition of cell wall polysaccharide synthases. To date, only b1,3 glucan synthase inhibitors have been launched clinically and many more targets remain to be explored. 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Γεωργία ΑΝΘΕΚΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΕ ΖΙΖΑΝΙΟΚΤΟΝΑ Herbicide Herbicide tolerant transgenic crops Glyphosate maize, soya, cotton, sugar-beet, oilseed rape Phosphinothricin maize, soya, cotton, oilseed rape, rice, sugar-beet, radicchio, papaya Bromoxynil cotton, oilseed rape Sulfonylurea cotton, flax 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Ποιοτικά Χαρακτηριστικά Ξηρασία Αλατότητα Πλημμύρες (rice) Αρωμα (jusmine rice) Θερμοκρασία Αντιπαγωτικές πρωτεϊνες Πρωτεϊνες θερμικού σόκ Χρώμα άνθους (Blue rose, Blue carnation) 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά Καθυστερημένη ωρίμανση Tomato Μεγάλη διάρκεια ζωής στο ράφι (inhibit C2H2 ) Φρούτα Papaya Banana Δρεπτά άνθη orchids 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά Διατροφική αξία (fatty acids, vitamins, etc.) Palm oil Canola (Stearic fatty acid) Margarine and shortening Golden Rice Vitamin A + 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Βιολογική ιεραρχία Μόριο Κύτταρο Ιστός Όργανο Οργανισμός Πληθυσμός Είδη Βιόσφαιρα 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Φυλογένεση 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Prokaryotes 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Eukaryotes THINK LIKE A CELL if you want to understand them. HOW can I maintain integrity and reproduce under changing conditions? What must I do to help my organism achieve its goals. That is being BIOLOGICAL. 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Κεντρικό δόγμα βιολογίας DNA RNA Protein Δομές Διαδικασίες Cell Περιβάλλον Often, the Central Dogma is stated as DNA->RNA->protein. That leaves out the extraordinary feedback and tensegrity of the cell! 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Περιέχουν άνθρακα και υδρογόνο Οργανικά μόρια Περιέχουν άνθρακα και υδρογόνο 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

-OH alcohol -PO4= phosphate -NH2 amino or amine H+ proton or hydrogen ion OH- hydroxyl ion Ανόργανες Ομάδες -OH alcohol -PO4= phosphate -NH2 amino or amine 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Οργανικά μόρια και φυσιολογία Ονομα στοιχεία αναλογίες Υδατάνθρακες C,H,O H:O is 2:1 Λιπίδια C,H,O H:O is many:1 Πρωτεϊνες C,H,O,N Νουκλεϊκα Οξεά C,H,O,N,P 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones

Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls

Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids

Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid

Amino Acids The basic building block of a protein is the amino acid There are four main parts in an amino acid 1 a central carbon atom 2 the amine or amino group -NH2 3 the carboxyl or organic acid group -COOH 4 an R group that is different for each of the . . twenty amino acids 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Amino Acids Central carbon Amino group H H O N - C - C-O-H H H-C-H H All amino acids follow this basic plan The R groups can be polar or nonpolar, charged, or neutral. One amino acid, cystine, contains sulfur and can form a bond, the disulfide bridge. Carboxyl group R group Radical or “rest of the molecule” 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Proteins - C, H, O, N The basic building block of a protein is the amino acid. Many amino acid molecules link together to form a polypetide. A very large polypeptide is a protein. The structure may be relatively simple for a small polypeptide, but quite complex for a large protein. 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Proteins Two amino acids can form a peptide bond by dehydration synthesis. H H O H H O H H O H O N-C-C-O-H +N-C-C-O-H N-C-C-O-N-C-C-O-H H H H H H H H H H-O + H amino acid + amino acid dipeptide + water Peptide Bond 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein

Figure 5.17 Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme

Figure 5.22 Examples of Interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins

Figure 5.24 Review: the Four levels of protein structure

Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein

Figure 5.24 Review: the Four levels of protein structure

Figure 5.28 Information flow in a cell

Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Genetic Code 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Nucleotides - bases Purines - larger adenine guanine Pyrimidines - smaller thymine - uracil cytosine . Two hydrogen bonds . . Three hydrogen bonds . A T U G C 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Deoxyribonucleic Acid double helix Nitrogen bases Sugar phosphate backbone Two stranded or double helix 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας DNA G,A,T,C 5’ to 3’ antiparallel double helix G:C, A:T 5’-GATTC-3’ 3’-CTAAG-5’ Remember these things three: DNA complementarity is G:C, A:T Always antiparallel be. Direction, ever 5’ to 3 And always correct you will be. Chuck Staben, after watching Monty Python and the Holy Grail. “What is your quest?” 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Genome Human 3,000,000 kbp 50-100,000 genes 10% genes E. coli 4000 kbp 4000 genes 90% genes! 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Genetic Processes Expression Variation Mutation Recombination Replication Transmission 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Transmission Mitosis/Asexual Meiosis/Sexual Reassortment Recombination 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Replication Regulated DNA elements origins Proteins replication complex 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Mutation Enhancer Promoter Transcribed Region Terminator Amount Nature Intron1 3’ Exon1 Exon2 X 7mG An N C 7mG An 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Recombination, Rearrangement, Insertion A B C D E a b c d e A B c d e a b C D E Resolve Recombination Large Changes Gene Order Gene Structure 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Studying Genes Structure Expression Function 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας RNA Single-stranded polymer G,A,C, U rRNA (90%) tRNA (5-10%) mRNA (1-5%) informational many kinds 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Gene Expression 5’ 3’ P Promoter T Terminator 3’ 5’ Transcription mRNA 5’ 3’ Sequence Information Translation Active Polypeptide NH2 COOH Polypeptide Fold 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Translation Reading Frames AUGGUACCACC... Frame 1 MetValProPro.. AUGGUACCACC... Frame 2 TrpTyrHis.... AUGGUACCACC... Frame 3 GlyThrThr... 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Prokaryotic Gene Expression Promoter Cistron1 Cistron2 CistronN Terminator Transcription RNA Polymerase mRNA 5’ 3’ 1 2 N Translation Ribosome, tRNAs, Protein Factors Distinguishing characteristics of Prokaryotic Gene Expression Remember-always 5’ to 3’, Amino to carboxy! Polycistronic-one promoter/regulatory region for multiple polypeptides. mRNAs will have multiple Ribosome Binding Sites, initiation codons, stop codons. mRNA processing very limited. N N C N C C 1 2 3 Polypeptides 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Eukaryotic Gene Expression Enhancer Promoter Transcribed Region Terminator Transcription RNA Polymerase II Primary transcript 5’ Intron1 3’ Exon1 Exon2 Cap Splice Cleave/Polyadenylate Distinguishing charcteristics of Eukaryotic Gene Expression Remember-always 5’ to 3’, Amino to carboxy! One gene-one promoter/enhancer region Enhancers are complex binding sites for activator proteins. Think of activator proteins as bipartitie (barbell model): binding domain-activation domain. mRNAs are EXTENSIVELY PROCESSED Capped Spliced Cleaved/polyadenylated. Proteins initiate at first ATG Translation 7mG An N C Transport Polypeptide 7mG An 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Productivity: Evidence for Bt Cotton Gains Bt cotton in: United States: yield effect 0 – 15% China: yield effect 10% South Africa: yield effect 20%-40% India: yield effect 60 – 80 % In every country have reduction in chemical usage 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Results II Average yields of Bt hybrids exceeded those of non-Bt counterparts and local checks by 80% and 87%, respectively. 2001/02 was a season with high bollworm pressure in India, so that average yield effects will be somewhat lower in years with less pest problems. 24/11/2018 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας

Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας Κλωνοποίηση http://morphological_el.enacademic.com/193320/%CE%9A%CE%BB%E1%BF%B6 ΤΕΙ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ - Δρ. Αναστασοπουλος Ηλίας 24/11/2018